Table 1. Comparison of Average Risk Factor Associations for Antisocial Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and High-Income Countries (HICs).

Risk Factor	Strength of Association in LMICs: This Review	Strength of Association in HICs: Prior Reviews
Individual-level risk factors:
Prior aggression	Large for aggression	Large for aggression 1
Prior conduct problems	Large for conduct problems	Large for conduct problems 2
	Medium for violence	Medium for violence3
Hyperactivity	Negligible for crime	Small for crime4
Poor educational performance	Negligible for intimate partner violence	Small for violence3
Drug use	Large for violence	Large for violence 3
Early life health risk factors:
Low birth weight	Negligible for conduct problems	Negligible for conduct problems 5
Premature birth	Negligible for conduct problems	Negligible for conduct problems 5
Child rearing practices:
Maternal authoritarian parenting	Medium for conduct problems & aggression	Medium for conduct problems 2
Maternal warmth	Small for conduct problems & aggression	Medium for conduct problems2
Maternal authoritative parenting	Medium for conduct problems & aggression	Medium for conduct problems 2
Family sociodemographic factors:
Poor family during childhood	Small for conduct problems	Medium for conduct problems 2
	Small for violence	Small for violence 3
Low maternal education	Small for conduct problems	Large for conduct problems 2
Young mother at birth	Small for conduct problems	Small for conduct problems 2
	Small for violence	Negligible for violence 2
Many siblings	Negligible for violence	Medium for violence 2

Note.—Associations are bivariate correlations. The strength of association is described as follows (see Sec. II): negligible, d < 0.10; small, d = 0.10; medium, d = 0.25; large, d = 0.50. References for prior reviews in HICs: ¹Olweus (1979); ²Derzon (2010); ³Lipsey and Derzon (1998); ⁴Tanner-Smith, Wilson, and Lipsey (2013); ⁵Aarnoudse-Moens et al. (2009). For some risk factors in the current review, described later in the essay, no prior, comparable review was located for studies in HICs.