Table 2. Longitudinal Studies of Child and Youth Antisocial Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Study #	Location	Study Name (Papers in Review)	Sample Type	Baseline Characteristics	Age at Follow-Ups	Data Sources	Outcomes in Review
1	Barbados: National	Barbados Nutrition Study (Galler and Ramsey 1989; Galler et al. 2011; Galler et al. 2012)	Matched risk and control groups	129 children with malnutrition (marasmus) in first year of life in 1967–72, and 129 children without malnutrition (recruited at ages 5–11) matched on sex, age, handedness, and neighborhood	5–11, 9–15, 11–17 years	Parents, self-report, teachers, medical exams	Conduct problems
2	Belarus: Minsk city, Minsk region, Brest, Mogilev, Gomel, Vitebsk, Grodno	Promotion of Breast-feeding Intervention Trial (Kramer et al. 2008)	Birth cohort	17,046 healthy breast-fed infants weighing at least 2,500 g, born in 1996–97, included in a cluster randomized trial of an intervention that substantially increased the duration children were breast-fed	1, 2, 3, 6, 9 months; 1, 6, 11 years	Parents, teachers, medical assessments	Conduct problems
3	Brazil: Pelotas	1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Caicedo et al. 2010)	Birth cohort	5,914 children born in hospitals in city of Pelotas in 1982	1, 3, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 25, 30 years; criminal records to age 30	Parents, self-report, medical exams, criminal records	Violence
4	Brazil: Pelotas (compared with British study)	1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Anselmi et al. 2008; Brion et al. 2010; Anselmi et al. 2012; Kieling et al. 2013; Murray, Maughan, et al. 2015; Murray, Menezes, et al. 2015)	Birth cohort	5,249 children born in hospitals in city of Pelotas in 1993	1, 3, and 6 months; 1 and 4 years (subsample); 11, 15, and 18 years (full sample); criminal records to age 18	Parents, self-report, medical exams, criminal records	Conduct problems, crime, violence
5	Brazil: Pelotas	2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Matijasevich et al. 2014; Petresco et al. 2014)a	Birth cohort	4,231 children born in hospitals in city of Pelotas in 2004	3 months; 1, 2, 4, and 6 years	Parents, self-report, medical exams	Conduct problems
6	Brazil: Pernambuco State	ENSUZI (Emond et al. 2006)	Matched risk and control groups	202 low-birth-weight infants and 212 non-low-birth-weight infants from low-income families born in maternity centers in 1993, matched on sex (39% male) and time of birth; included in trial of zinc treatment	8 years	Parents, teachers, medical exams	Conduct problems
7	Brazil: São Gonçalo	São Gonçalo 2005 Studyb (de Assis et al. 2013)	School sample	500 children in 1st elementary grade (age 7 years) randomly sampled in 54 public schools in 2005	8 and 10 years	Parents	Conduct problems
8	Brazil: São Luís	The 1997/98 São Luís Cohort (Rodriguez et al. 2011)	Birth cohort	2,443 singleton births randomly sampled in city of São Luis in 1997–98	8 years (subsample)	Parents	Conduct problems
9	Chile: Santiago	Santiago 1992/93 Studyb (de la Barra, Toledo, and Rodríguez 2003, 2005)	School sample	1,279 1st graders (age 6 years) from seven schools in three districts of West Santiago in 1992/93	11 years	Teachers and parents	Aggression, conduct problems
10	China: Beijing	Beijing 2000 Studyb (Zhou et al. 2008; Tao, Zhou, and Wang 2010; Zhou, Main, and Wang 2010; Chen et al. 2011)	School sample	425 children aged 6–9 in 1st and 2nd grades in two elementary schools in Beijing in 2000	10–13 years	Parents, self-report, peers, teachers	Conduct problems
11	China: Beijing	Beijing 2002 Studyb (Chen et al. 2012)	School sample	1,162 3rd-grade children (age 9 years) in nine elementary schools in Beijing in 2002	10, 11, and 12 years	Teachers, self-report, and peers	Aggression
12	China: Beijing	Beijing 2004 Studyb (Zhang 2013)	Preschool sample	115 children age 2 years in three nursery schools in Beijing in 2004	3 and 4 years	Parents	Conduct problems
13	China: Beijing	Beijing Twin Study (Hou et al. 2013)	School sample	1,387 pairs of twins age 10–18 years in 620 schools in Beijing in 2008–9	12–20 years	Parents and self-report	Conduct problems
14	China: Beijing	Beijing-Daxing Studyb (Zhu, Yan, and Li 2011)	Health care system sample	122 children age 2–3 years in the Daxing District of Beijing registered in the health care management system	4 –5 years	Parents	Conduct problems
15	China: Beijing and Shanghai	Beijing-Shanghai 1994–95 Studyb (Chen et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2006)	Birth cohort	216 children age 2 years randomly selected from local birth registration offices in Beijing and Shanghai in 1994–95	4 years	Direct observation, parents	Aggression
16	China: Jinan	Jinan 2000 Studyb (Zhang et al. 2003)	Preschool sample	217 children mean age 3 years in four preschools in Jinan city, Shandong in 2000	4, 4.5 years	Direct observation	Aggression
17	China: Jinan	Jinan Studyb (Chen 2011; Chen 2012)	School sample	1,618 children age 9 years and 2,164 children age 11 years in 11 primary schools in Jinan city, Shandong	10, 11, 12, 13, 14 years	Parents, self-report, peers	Aggression
18	China: Jintan	China Jintan Child Cohort Study (Liu et al. 2014)	Preschool sample	1,656 children age 3–5 years in four preschools in Jintan city in 2004 –5	6 years	Parents, teachers, medical exams	Aggression, conduct problems
19	China: Nanjing	Nanjing Survey (Tseng et al. 2000)	Preschool sample	697 children age 3–6 years in urban and rural areas of Nanjing city in 1984–85	7–10, 9–12, and 13–16 years	Parents	Conduct problems
20	China: Shanghai	Shanghai Longitudinal Project (Chen, Rubin, and Li 1997; Chen et al. 1999)	School sample	480 children in 2nd and 4th grades (mean ages 7 and 10) in two schools in Shanghai city in 1990	11 years (younger children) 14 years (older children)	Parents, teachers, peers	Aggression, conduct problems
21	China: Shanghai	Shanghai 1994 Studyb (Chen et al. 2000; Chen, He, and Li 2004)	School sample	540 children in 6th grade (mean age 11 years) in four schools in Shanghai city in 1994	13 years	Parents, self-report, teachers, peers, school records	Aggression, conduct problems
22	Colombia: Bogotá, Medellin, and Barranquilla	Colombia 1995/96 Study (Brook et al. 2003; Brook, Brook, and Whiteman 2007)	Household sample	2,837 adolescents age 12–17 living with biological mothers randomly sampled in Bogotá, Medellin, and Barranquilla cities in 1995/96	14–19 years	Parents, self-report	Delinquency, violence
23	Croatia: Zagreb	Children in War (Rabotegsaric, Zuzul, and Kerestes 1994)	Preschool sample	686 children on average age 5 years in eight preschools in Zagreb city in 1991	6 years	Preschool teachers	Aggression
24	Czech Republic: Prague	Prague Study (Dytrych, Matějček, and Schüller 1988; Kubička et al. 1995)	Matched risk and control groups	220 children whose mothers applied for and were denied abortion during pregnancy in 1961–63, matched with 220 children in the same school classes in 1970, in Prague	9, 14 –16, 21–23, 27–31, 32–35	Parents, self-report, teachers, criminal, medical, and other official records	Crime
25	Czech Republic: Brno	European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC) (Kukla, Hruba, and Tyrlik 2008)	Birth cohort	7,589 children with expected dates of delivery March 1991–June 1992 in Brno city or with expected delivery April 1991–June 1992 in Znojmo rural district	8, 11, and 13 years	Parents, self-report, teachers, medical exams	Aggression, conduct problems
26	Guatemala: Guatemala City	Guatemala 2006 Studyb (DiGirolamo et al. 2010)	School sample	750 children aged 6–11 years in five public schools in a poor community in Guatemala city, included in trial of a zinc supplement in 2006	6.5–11.5 years	Parents, self-reports, medical exams	Aggression, conduct problems
27	Jamaica: Kingston	Jamaica 1986 Studyb (Chang et al. 2002; Walker, Chang, et al. 2007)	Matched risk and control groups	129 children with stunting aged 9–24 months in poor neighborhoods and 84 nonstunted children matched on age, sex, and neighborhood, in Kingston in 1986–87, included in a trial of a diet supplement and home visit intervention of 2-year duration	7–8, 11–12, 17–18 years	Parents, self-report, psychological assessment	Conduct problems, antisocial behavior
28	Mauritius: Vacoas and Quatre Bornes	Mauritius Child Health Project (Clark 1982; Venables 1989; Raine, Venables, and Mednick 1997; Raine et al. 1998; Raine et al. 2002; Liu et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2009; Gao et al. 2010a; Gao et al. 2010b; Gao et al. 2013)	Birth cohort	1,795 children born in Vacoas and Quatre Bornes towns in 1969–70, recruited at age 3 using vaccination records, with 100 participants given a nutritional, educational, and physical exercise program	4, 5, and 6 years (subsample); 8, 11, 17, 23, 28, and 35 years (full sample)	Parents, self-report, medical exams, hospital records, criminal records	Aggression, antisocial behavior, crime, violence
29	Philippines: Cebu	Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (Fehringer and Hindin 2009)	Birth cohort	3,080 children born in Cebu between May 1983 and April 1984	1, 2, 8, 11, 15, 18, 21, 23 years	Parents, self-report, medical exams	Intimate partner violence
30	Poland: Warsaw (compared with studies in Australia, Finland, Germany, Israel, Netherlands, US)	Poland 1979 Studyb (Frączek 1986; Groebel 1988)	School sample	260 children in 1st and 3rd grades (ages 7 and 9 years) in two schools inWarsaw in 1979	7, 8, 9 years (younger children); 9, 10, 11 years (older children)	Parents, self-reports, peer nominations	Aggression
31	Puerto Rico: Standard Metropolitan Areas in Puerto Rico (compared with study in US)	Boricua Youth Study (Bird et al. 2007; Duarte et al. 2008; Maldonado-Molina et al. 2009; Jennings et al. 2010)	Household sample	1,353 children mean age 9 years (range 5–13) randomly sampled in standardmetropolitan areas of San Juan and Caguas cities in 2000 (matched with 1,414 Puerto Rican children living in the Bronx, NY)	10, 11 years (on average)	Parents, self-report	Conduct problems/disorders, delinquency
32	Russia: Voronezh	Voronezh 1995 Studyb (Leavitt et al. 2013; Nelson et al. 2014)	Preschool sample	212 children age 3–6 years in three nursery schools in Voronezh city in 1995	13–16 years	Parents, self-report, teachers, peers	Aggression
33	Seychelles	Seychelles Child Development Cohort (Myers et al. 2000; Davidson et al. 2011)	Birth cohort	779 children born in the Seychelles (about 50% of all live births) in 1989	6, 19, and 29 months; 5.5, 9, 10.5, 17, 19, 22, and 24 years	Parents, self-report, medical exams	Conduct problems
34	South Africa: Cape Town	Cape Area Panel Study (Seekings and Thaler 2011; Thaler 2011)	Household sample	4,752 youths age 14–22 years randomly selected in metropolitan Cape Town in 2002	15–23 and 16–24 years (subsamples); 17–25, 18–26, and 20–29 years	Self-report	Violence
35	South Africa: Cape Town and Mankweng; Tanzania: Dar es Salaam	SATZ (Wubs et al. 2013)	School sample	7,274 children age 10–18 years in Cape Town and Makweng (South Africa) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) in 2004; included in a trial of school-based HIV prevention programs	10.5–18.5, 11–19 years (two follow-ups at half year intervals)	Self-report	Intimate partner violence
36	South Africa: greater Johannesburg area	Birth to Twenty (Barbarin, Richter, and DeWet 2001; Sabet et al. 2009)	Birth cohort	3,275 children born in Soweto-Johannesburg during 7 weeks in 1990	6 months; 1, 2, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9–10, 11–12, 13, 14, 15 years	Parents, medical exams	Aggression, conduct problems
37	South Africa: Western Cape and Mpumalanga provinces	Young Carers South Africa (Boyes et al. 2014; Waller, Gardner, and Cluver 2014)	Household sample	3,515 children age 10–17 living in the Western Cape and Mpumalanga in 2009–11	11–18 years	Self-report	Conduct problems
38	South Africa: National	South Africa 1974 Studyb (Botha and Mels 1990)	School sample	2,476 white children age 9–12 years in school grades 3–5 across South Africa in 1974	12–15, 14–17, 16–19	Self-report and teachers	Aggression
39	Yugoslavia (Kosovo): K. Mitrovica and Pristina	Yugoslavia Prospective Study of Environmental Lead Exposure (Wasserman et al. 1998; Factor-Litvak et al. 1999; Wasserman et al. 2001)	Birth cohort	706 children (stratified on lead levels in blood) whosemothers were recruited midpregnancy in K. Mitrovica (next to a lead smelter) and Pristina (relatively unexposed to lead), Yugoslavia in 1985–1986	6 months; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 years	Parents and self-report	Aggression, conduct problems

^aResults in Matijasevich et al. (2014) are based on analyses pooling the entire 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study and a subsample of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.

^bName assigned to study in this review (not official study name).