Table 4. Meta-Analytic Results for Associations between Individual Factors and Child Conduct Problems and Youth Violence.
| Heterogeneity |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Behavioral Outcome | Number of Studies | Studies Included (#) | Type of Association | Effect Size d | 95% CI | pa | I2 | pb |
| Prior aggression | Aggression | 9 | (4, 11, 10, 13, 16, 20, 21, 27, 30) | Bivariate | 1.6 | (.9 to 3.3) | <.001 | 99.3% | <.001 |
| Prior conduct problems | Conduct problems | 9 | (4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 28, 31, 37) | Bivariate | .9 | (.6 to 2.1) | <.001 | 97.1% | <.001 |
| Crime | 2 | (4, 28) | Bivariate | .12 | (−.20 to .44) | .437 | 76% | .041 | |
| Violence | 2 | (4, 22) | Bivariate | .34 | (.13 to .56) | .018 | 83% | .015 | |
| Hyperactivity | Conduct problems | 2 | (9, 10) | Bivariate | .51 | (.34 to .69) | <.001 | 0% | .590 |
| Crime | 2 | (4, 28) | Bivariate | .04 | (−.40 to .47) | .867 | 87% | .006 | |
| Poor educational performance | Aggression | 2 | (10, 21) | Bivariate | .00 | (−.53 to .52) | .993 | 93% | <.001 |
| Intimate partner violence | 2 | (28, 34) | Bivariate | .05 | (−.17 to .28) | .650 | 78% | .032 | |
| Drug use | Violence | 2 | (23, 34) | Bivariate | .69 | (.46 to .92) | <.001 | 51% | .154 |
| Sociability | Conduct problems | 2 | (20, 21) | Bivariate | −.03 | (−.20 to .14) | .701 | 0% | .335 |
| Social competence | Conduct problems | 2 | (10, 21) | Bivariate | −.43 | (−.58 to 2.28) | <.001 | 0% | .735 |
Note.—# = study ID number shown in table 2; pa = p-value for d effect size; pb = p-value for a π2 test for heterogeneity. Random-effects models.