Table 5. Meta-Analytic Results for Associations between Early Life Health Factors and Child Conduct Problems and Youth Violence.
| Heterogeneity |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Behavioral Outcome | Number of Studies | Studies Included (#) | Type of Association | Effect Size d | 95% CI | pa | I2 | pb |
| Maternal smoking in pregnancy | Conduct problems | 3 | (4, 25, 39) | Bivariate | .36 | (.30 to .42) | <.001 | 0% | .600 |
| 3 | (4, 5, 39) | Adjusted | .26 | (.20 to .32) | <.001 | 0% | .461 | ||
| Violence | 2 | (3, 4) | Bivariate | .13 | (.00 to .26) | .055 | 45% | .180 | |
| Low birth weight | Conduct problems | 3 | (6, 8, 36) | Bivariate | .01 | (−.12 to .14) | .857 | 0% | .908 |
| 2 | (5, 36) | Adjusted | .02 | (−.07 to .11) | .679 | 0% | .324 | ||
| Premature birth | Conduct problems | 4 | (4, 5, 8) | Bivariate | .04 | (−.03 to .10) | .283 | 0% | .942 |
| Malnutrition | Conduct problems | 3 | (1, 26, 28) | Bivariate | .35 | (.01 to .69) | .044 | 82% | .004 |
| Conduct problems | 2 | (1, 27) | Adjusted | .35 | (.07 to .73) | .013 | 0% | .822 | |
Note.—# = study ID number shown in table 2; pa = p-value for d effect size; pb = p-value for a χ2 test for heterogeneity. Random-effects models.