Table 7. Meta-Analytic Results on Family Sociodemographic Factors in Relation to Child Conduct Problems and Youth Violence.
| Heterogeneity |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Behavioral Outcome | Number of Studies | Studies Included (#) | Type of Association | Effect Size d | 95% CI | pa | I2 | pb |
| Poor family during childhood | Conduct problems | 3 | (4, 5, 37) | Bivariate | .12 | (.03 to .21) | .012 | 82% | .001 |
| Violence | 2 | (3, 4) | Bivariate | .18 | (.07 to .30) | .001 | 0% | .658 | |
| Low maternal education | Conduct problems | 3 | (4, 8, 12) | Bivariate | .15 | (−.02 to .32) | .088 | 57% | .099 |
| Young mother at birth | Conduct problems | 2 | (4, 8) | Bivariate | .20 | (−.03 to .42) | .087 | 83% | .015 |
| Violence | 2 | (3, 4) | Bivariate | .21 | (.01 to .41) | .045 | 60% | .059 | |
| Single mother at birth | Conduct problems | 2 | (4, 8) | Bivariate | .17 | (.09 to .25) | <.001 | 0% | .424 |
| Violence | 2 | (3, 4) | Bivariate | .01 | (−.13 to .15) | .853 | 0% | .793 | |
| Many siblings | Violence | 2 | (3, 4) | Bivariate | .06 | (−.06 to .19) | .324 | 0% | .598 |
Note.—# = study ID number shown in table 2; pa = p-value for d effect size; pb = p-value for a χ2 test for heterogeneity. Random-effects models.