Fig. 5.

Kinematic profiles of the neurocranium, relative to the body plane, during the expansive phase. In each graph, each line represents rotation during a single strike. Lines are color coded by strike, so each strike has the same color for all rotations. Positive roll indicates clockwise rotation of the head (from an anterior view). Positive yaw indicates the head turning to the left (from a dorsal view). Positive neurocranial elevation denotes upward head lifting. The Y-axis of each graph is scaled the same throughout, whereas the X-axis is scaled differently for each species, with time 0 indicating the frame before the onset of neurocranial elevation.