Table 3.
Main Results of the Study
| Percentage of time (SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | Staff | |||||
| Overall hypotheses | Household model | Institutional legacy control | Second institutional control | Household model | Institutional legacy control | Second institutional control |
| Cognitive engagement | ||||||
| Time displaying active engagement in activities | 33.5% (21.8%) | 39.2% (24.6%) | 28.5% (18.7%) | – | ||
| Time engaged in socioexpressive activities | 15.6% (12.7%) | 22.5% (22.5%) | 12.1% (8.6%) | – | ||
| Time idle | 10.1% (6.6%)**** | 20.3% (14.4%) | 33.1% (20.2%) | – | ||
| Time staring blankly | 6.6% (8.0%) | 11.6% (12.7%) | 9.1% (10.1%) | – | ||
| Time sleeping during day | 4.3% (7.8%) | 11.9% (23.4%) | 2.8% (4.7%) | – | ||
| Affective state | ||||||
| Time displaying positive affect | 3.3% (3.8%) | 3.2% (4.2%) | 3.7% (3.4%) | 6.7% (3.8%) | 5.1% (3.8%) | 4.8% (4.4%) |
| Social interactions | ||||||
| Time spent in resident-staff “social” interactions | 1.4% (2.0%) | 0.8% (1.8%) | 1.1% (1.5%) | 9.9% (4.9%) | 8.6% (6.3%) | 5.9% (4.3%) |
| Time spent in personal care | 13.0% (8.1%)* | 4.9% (2.8%) | 2.2% (1.7%) | 8.4% (6.6%) | 8.2% (5.9%) | 6.2% (4.2%) |
| Time spent in resident-staff “task-oriented” interactions | 2.0% (3.3%)* | 0.5% (1.0%) | 0.6% (0.9%) | 15.1% (10.4%)* | 4.2% (3.5%) | 10.2% (8.2%) |
| Hypotheses for specific parts of the environment | ||||||
| Time parked in the “hallway or other wheelchair hubs” | 5.0% (5.8%)* | 21.2% (14.2%) | 6.4% (8.2%) | – | ||
| Time staring blankly | 8.3% (24.7%) | 14.5% (25.4%) | 15.1% (28.3%) | – | ||
| Time in the “dining area” | 24.2% (13.8%)**** | 15.6% (16.0%) | 39.6% (31.7%) | 19.8% (9.8%)* | 9.3% (6.9%) | 11.4% (9.4%) |
| With active engagement | 67.1% (38.8%)** | 60.7% (60.6%) | 46.1% (41.2%) | – | 2.5% (4.2%) | 16.1% (29.3%) |
| With positive affect | 6.9% (9.0%)** | 0.6% (1.8%) | 2.4% (3.3%) | 10.8% (11.8%) | 8.1% (5.8%) | 21.6% (6.2%) |
| Engaged in resident-staff conversations | 19.9% (28.6%)* | 2.0% (7.2%) | 9.8% (13.3%) | 29.5% (5.5%)* | ||
| Staring blankly | 14.5% (17.4%) | 23.9% (44.7%) | 15.4% (19.3%) | – | ||
| Time in the “common area” | 28.1% (17.9%) | 25.6% (25.6%) | 41.1% (29.0%) | – | ||
| With active engagement | 40.7% (30.2%) | 30.7% (25.8%) | 29.9% (32.2%) | – | ||
| With positive affect | 3.3% (5.0%) | 2.3% (6.0%) | 4.9% (5.9%) | – | ||
| Staring blankly | 6.3% (12.1%) | 13.0% (15.9%) | 16.9% (26.3%) | – | ||
| Time in the “TV area” | 15.3% (15.3%) | 11.7% (16.5%) | 8.7% (8.3%) | – | ||
| With active engagement | 35.2% (25.0%) | 43.9% (30.6%) | 28.2% (30.2%) | – | ||
| With positive affect | 3.0% (9.4%) | 0.5% (2.3%) | 3.3% (8.1%) | – | ||
| Staring blankly | 8.4%**** (10.2%) | 17.0% (11.6%) | 0.2% (0.5%) | -- | ||
| Time on the “patio” | 1.8% (3.6%) | 3.4% (4.9%) | 2.4% (4.1%) | ƚ | ||
| With active engagement | 19.0% (33.2%) | 15.7% (27.6%) | 13.8% (30.5%) | – | ||
| With positive affect | 5.5% (13.3%) | 10.6% (21.6%) | 6.8% (16.1%) | ƚ | ||
| Staring blankly | 0 | 3.4% (11.9%) | 6.7% (21.7%) | – | ||
Note. Mean percentages of time residents and staff spent in the manners hypothesized in the far left column, with standard deviations. Percentages for the overall hypotheses and for time spent in each part of the environment were based on the total time observed. Percentages for conditional activities and states in specific parts of the environment were based on the time spent in that location. Bold font indicates comparisons that were significant at p ≤ .05. Asterisks denote the level of significance of F-tests of fixed nursing home effects. *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .005, and ****p ≤ .0001. – Indicates that there was no hypothesis to be tested and ƚ indicates that the conditional sample was too small to be analyzed. SD = standard deviation.