Table 1. Description of the full sample of 1,094 individuals initially released from prison or jail during 2007–2011.
| Variable | Full sample n (%)* (n = 1,094 individuals) |
|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | |
| Age at time of release | |
| ≤45 years | 422 (47.7%) |
| >45 years | 572 (52.3%) |
| Sex† | |
| Female | 252 (23.0%) |
| Male | 842 (77.0%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 198 (18.1%) |
| Black | 452 (41.2%) |
| Hispanic | 404 (36.9%) |
| Other | 41 (3.8%) |
| Education level | |
| <High school | 508 (46.4%) |
| ≥High school | 586 (53.6%) |
| Marital status‡ | |
| Not married | 887 (83.7%) |
| Married | 173 (16.3%) |
| Injection-drug-use-related source of HIV transmission | |
| No | 300 (27.4%) |
| Yes | 794 (72.6%) |
| Time since HIV diagnosis | |
| ≤1 year | 43 (3.9%) |
| >1 year | 1,051 (96.1%) |
| Enabling or disabling factors | |
| Any health insurance | |
| No insurance/none reported | 478 (43.7%) |
| Yes | 616 (56.3%) |
| HIV diagnosed during index incarceration | |
| No | 1,072 (98.0%) |
| Yes | 22 (2.0%) |
| Year of release | |
| 2007–2008 | 430 (39.3%) |
| 2009–2010 | 469 (42.8%) |
| 2011 | 195 (17.8%) |
| Length of incarceration and conditions of release | |
| Incarcerated ≤30 days, release without conditions | 199 (18.2%) |
| Incarcerated ≤30 days, conditional or bonded release | 144 (13.2%) |
| Incarcerated 31–364 days, release without conditions | 383 (35.0%) |
| Incarcerated 31–364 days, conditional or bonded release | 206 (18.8%) |
| Incarcerated ≥365 days, release without conditions | 71 (6.5%) |
| Incarcerated ≥365 days, conditional release (none were released on bond) | 91 (8.3%) |
| Number of re-incarcerations | |
| 0 | 556 (50.8%) |
| 1 | 274 (25.1%) |
| 2 | 153 (14.0%) |
| ≥3 | 111 (10.2%) |
| Days spent re-incarcerated | |
| 0–6 (<1 week) | 567 (51.8%) |
| 7–30 | 52 (4.8%) |
| 31–90 | 96 (8.8%) |
| 91–180 | 171 (15.6%) |
| 181–365 | 162 (14.8%) |
| >365 | 46 (4.2%) |
| Number of transitional case management visits | |
| 0 | 599 (54.8%) |
| 1–5 | 116 (10.6%) |
| 6–14 | 162 (14.8%) |
| 15–30 | 115 (10.5%) |
| >30 | 102 (9.3%) |
| Early linkage to care (within 14 days of index release) | |
| No | 836 (76.4%) |
| Yes | 230 (21.0%) |
| Re-incarcerated within 14 days | 28 (2.6%) |
| Need severity factors | |
| Prescribed ART during incarceration | |
| No | 458 (41.9%) |
| Yes | 636 (58.1%) |
| Virally suppressed prior to release§ | |
| No | 487 (44.5%) |
| Yes | 357 (32.6%) |
| Viral load not drawn prior to release | 250 (22.9%) |
| Number of medical comorbidities|| | |
| 0 | 677 (61.9%) |
| 1 | 232 (21.2%) |
| ≥2 | 185 (16.9%) |
| Psychiatric need | |
| Lower severity score, untreated | 505 (46.2%) |
| Lower severity score, treated | 53 (4.8%) |
| Higher severity score, untreated | 205 (18.7%) |
| Higher severity score, treated | 331 (30.3%) |
| Addiction severity score¶ | |
| 1–2 | 163 (15.2%) |
| 3 | 708 (66.0%) |
| 4–5 | 201 (18.8%) |
| Treated for an opioid use disorder during index incarceration | |
| No | 1,091 (99.7%) |
| Yes | 3 (0.3%) |
*Numbers listed are n (%) out of the total number of individuals who were initially eligible for analysis (n = 1,094), including those who were found to have died during follow-up (n = 93). Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
†Transgender males (n = 1) were included the male category, and transgender females (n = 2) were included in the female category.
‡There were n = 34 individuals with a missing or unreported marital status during their index incarceration.
§In 4% of cases, a viral load was drawn within 90 days prior to release, but the viral load value itself was not reported. These cases were included in the “no” viral suppression category because viral suppression could not be confirmed.
||Medical comorbidities broadly included gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, other endocrine disease, viral hepatitis C, hematologic disorders, hypercoagulable states, hypertension, immunological and autoimmune conditions, neurological conditions, pregnancy, pulmonary disease, renal failure, and urological conditions including benign prostatic hypertrophy.
¶There were n = 22 individuals whose addiction severity scores were never assessed during their index incarceration.