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. 2018 Aug 26;9(1):1354–1363. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1504561

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© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Mechanisms of bi-directional synergism between Staphylococcus aureus and human rhinovirus in non-professional phagocytic epithelial cells. S. aureus increases HRV replication via SEA and SEB. HRV increases adhesion and internalization of S. aureus in both HRV-infected and uninfected cells through increased release of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 and subsequent increase of ICAM-1 and cFn expression via NFkB activation. HRV inhibits ZO-1 tight junctions favoring S. aureus invasion of the epithelium.