Table 1.
Uninsured | Delayed Care | Forgo Care | ED Use | MD Visit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | OR | p | |
Before ACA | REF | |||||||||
After ACA | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 1.10 | <0.001 |
U.S. born | REF | |||||||||
Nat U.S. Citizen | 2.25 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.60 | <0.001 |
Non-Citizen (5<) | 3.02 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 0.35 | 1.14 | 0.02 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.66 | <0.001 |
Non-Citizen (5≥) | 1.16 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.33 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
African-American | 0.98 | 0.54 | 0.75 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 0.73 |
Latino | 1.40 | <0.001 | 0.87 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.78 | 0.89 | <0.001 |
Other | 0.93 | 0.14 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.80 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.87 | <0.001 |
Age 25–34 | 1.98 | <0.001 | 1.85 | <0.001 | 1.92 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.66 | 0.78 | <0.001 |
Age 35–44 | 1.64 | <0.001 | 1.72 | <0.001 | 1.92 | <0.001 | 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.98 | 0.58 |
Age 45–54 | 1.47 | <0.001 | 1.92 | <0.001 | 2.01 | <0.001 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 1.19 | <0.001 |
Age 55–64 | 1.11 | 0.04 | 1.58 | <0.001 | 1.57 | <0.001 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 1.66 | <0.001 |
Female | 0.71 | <0.001 | 1.17 | <0.001 | 1.12 | <0.001 | 1.31 | <0.001 | 1.53 | <0.001 |
Married | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.23 | 1.23 | <0.001 |
Federal Poverty | ||||||||||
<100 FPL | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
100–200 | 1.11 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.14 | <0.001 | 0.80 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.20 |
200> | 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.00 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 1.32 | <0.001 |
Education | ||||||||||
<High school | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
High school | 0.95 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 1.07 | 0.12 | 0.86 | <0.001 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
Some college | 0.67 | <0.001 | 1.36 | <0.001 | 1.25 | <0.001 | 0.88 | <0.001 | 1.39 | <0.001 |
College degree | 0.48 | <0.001 | 1.22 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.62 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 1.44 | <0.001 |
College> | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.39 | 0.71 | <0.001 | 0.66 | <0.001 | 1.76 | <0.001 |
Health status | ||||||||||
Excellent | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
Very good | 1.86 | <0.001 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.24 | <0.001 |
Good | 1.94 | <0.001 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
Fair | 2.11 | <0.001 | 0.54 | <0.001 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
Poor | 1.66 | <0.001 | 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.58 | <0.001 |
Spanish response | 1.38 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.46 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.76 | <0.001 |
Urban | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
Rural | 1.26 | 0.09 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 1.11 | 0.38 |
U.S. region | ||||||||||
Northeast | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | |||||
Midwest | 1.30 | <0.001 | 1.32 | <0.001 | 1.26 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.85 | <0.001 |
South | 1.96 | <0.001 | 1.34 | <0.001 | 1.52 | <0.001 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
West | 1.54 | <0.001 | 1.51 | <0.001 | 1.51 | <0.001 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.72 | <0.001 |
N* | 113,439 |
SOURCE: 2011–2016 National Health Interview Survey
Notes: “Before” corresponds to mean values for years 2011–2013, period before the implementation of the ACA individual health insurance mandate. “After” corresponds to mean values for years 2014–2016, period after the implementation of the ACA individual health insurance mandate.
The weighted sample size corresponds to 48,839,629 adults.