Table 4.

Examples of some safe and green materials for muscle tissue engineering

Muscle tissue material	Green chemistry principle	Uses	Reference
Poly(l-lactic acid)/polyaniline	Ecofriendly and safer solvents and auxiliaries	Cardiac tissue engineering	50
CS–gelatin composite	Enhance the mechanical and biological properties	Macroporous blood vessel scaffold	51
Gellan gum	Ecofriendly and safer solvents and auxiliaries	Skeletal muscle	52
Polyurethane-urea	Enhance the mechanical properties	Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle	53
PCL-functionalized gelatin nanofiber	Biocompatibility and biodegradation	Blood vessel scaffold	54
Cholecyst-derived extracellular matrix/Au nanoparticles	Ecofriendly and safer solvents and auxiliaries	Skeletal muscle	55
CS/GO composite	Biocompatibility and biodegradation	Skeletal muscle	56
Alg–G–H composition	Cost-effective tool	Skeletal muscle	58

Abbreviations: Alg–G–H, alginate hydrogel incorporated with gelatin and heparin; CS, chitosan; GO, graphene oxide; PCL, polycaprolactone.