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. 2018 Oct 9;8:15009. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33391-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic characterizations of C. rosea WT and deletion mutants. (A) Growth rate of WT, and pks22 deletion strains on czapek-dox (CZ) or potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Strains were inoculated on solid agar medium, incubated at 25 °C and the growth rate was recorded five days post-inoculation. Error bars represent standard deviation based on 4 biological replicates. (B) Conidiation of WT, pks22 and pks29 deletion strains on CZ medium 12 days post-inoculation. Conidia were harvested in equal volume of water and counted using a Bright-Line Haemocytometer as per instruction of manufacturer. Error bars represent standard deviation based on 4 biological replicates. (C) Culture filtrate test of C. rosea strains. Culture filtrates from WT and deletion strains grown in PDB were collected 10 days post-inoculation and then inoculated with a B. cinerea agar plug. Biomass production in culture filtrates was analysed by determining mycelial dry weight 4 days post-inoculation. Error bars represent standard deviation based on 4 biological replicates. (D) In vivo bioassay to test the biocontrol ability of C. rosea strains against F. graminearum foot rot disease on barley. Barley seeds were coated with C. rosea conidia, and planted in moist sand together with a F. graminearum agar plug. Seedlings were harvested three weeks post-inoculation and disease symptoms were scored on 0–4 scale. The experiment was performed in five biological replicates with 12–15 plants in each replicate. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) within the experiments based on the Fisher’s exact test.