Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of demographic and clinical risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
| ATP III Criteria | IDF Criteria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR# | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR# | 95%CI | |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 15–29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 30–44 | 4.53 | 2.81–7.32** | 3.04 | 1.84–5.03** | 3.74 | 2.58–5.41** | 2.07 | 1.31–3.25* |
| 45–69 | 8.66 | 5.46–13.73** | 7.08 | 4.26–11.78** | 6.11 | 4.31–8.65** | 4.52 | 2.91–7.03** |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Female | 1.01 | 0.82–1.24 | 0.97 | 0.75–1.26 | 1.43 | 1.14–1.79* | 1.44 | 1.05–1.97* |
| Level of education | ||||||||
| No formal schooling | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Primary | 0.84 | 0.65–1.10 | 1.11 | 0.82–1.51 | 0.84 | 0.65–1.07 | 1.08 | 0.79–1.49 |
| Secondary | 0.84 | 0.62–1.13 | 1.53 | 1.07–2.19* | 0.71 | 0.54–0.93* | 1.11 | 0.76–1.63 |
| Higher | 0.57 | 0.41–0.80* | 1.03 | 0.65–1.63 | 0.57 | 0.41–0.79* | 0.90 | 0.57–1.41 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Currently married | 5.5 | 2.37–12.79** | 1.25 | 0.50–3.12 | 6.97 | 3.30–14.72** | 1.72 | 0.73–4.08 |
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 7.37 | 2.98–18.21** | 1.03 | 0.39–2.73 | 7.59 | 3.44–16.75** | 1.12 | 0.44–2.85 |
| Caste/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Dalits | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Disadvantaged Janajatis | 0.85 | 0.55–1.31 | 0.79 | 0.48–1.33 | 0.73 | 0.46–1.14 | 0.58 | 0.34–1.01 |
| Disadvantaged non-Dalit Terai caste groups | 0.68 | 0.39–1.19 | 0.78 | 0.45–1.34 | 0.69 | 0.37–1.26 | 0.64 | 0.32–1.26 |
| Religious minorities | 1.87 | 0.87–4.01 | 1.99 | 0.76–5.18 | 0.94 | 0.33–2.74 | 0.65 | 0.16–2.63 |
| Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 1.66 | 0.97–2.84 | 0.73 | 0.42–1.28 | 1.50 | 0.88–2.59 | 0.65 | 0.36–1.19 |
| Upper caste groups | 1.06 | 0.70–1.61 | 0.76 | 0.48–1.20 | 0.98 | 0.63–1.52 | 0.61 | 0.36–1.06 |
| Ecological zone | ||||||||
| Mountain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Hill | 1.66 | 0.89–3.10 | 1.04 | 0.49–2.18 | 3.82 | 2.00–7.31** | 2.41 | 1.04–5.63* |
| Terai | 1.02 | 0.56–1.87 | 0.75 | 0.36–1.55 | 2.99 | 1.57–5.70* | 2.64 | 1.14–6.11* |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Urban | 1.97 | 1.44–2.71** | 1.56 | 1.14–2.13* | 2.02 | 1.48–2.76** | 1.56 | 1.14–2.13* |
| Current smoking | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.87 | 0.64–1.20 | 0.76 | 0.51–1.13 | 0.68 | 0.50–0.92* | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 |
| Harmful use of alcohol | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.45 | 0.54–3.93 | 1.80 | 0.46–7.03 | 0.54 | 0.20–1.41 | 0.69 | 0.21–2.28 |
| Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.24 | 0.47–3.23 | 2.21 | 0.75–6.50 | 0.86 | 0.30–2.49 | 1.24 | 0.42–3.63 |
| Low physical activity | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.88 | 1.15–3.08* | 1.48 | 0.89–2.47 | 1.25 | 0.74–2.10 | 0.93 | 0.54–1.59 |
| Abnormal waist hip ratio | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 3.36 | 2.40–4.70** | 2.50 | 1.79–3.50** | 14.46 | 10.48–19.95** | 8.18 | 5.93–11.29** |
| BMI category | ||||||||
| <25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 25–30 | 5.32 | 4.06–6.97** | 3.74 | 2.79–5.02** | 10.61 | 8.13–13.84** | 7.82 | 5.78–10.78** |
| >30 | 16.42 | 10.84–24.87** | 9.44 | 6.03–14.78** | 24.92 | 16.02–38.77** | 14.03 | 8.71–22.60** |
#Adjusted relative risk have been adjusted for all variables listed.
*p < 0.05; **P < 0.001.