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. 2018 Oct 9;9:4169. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06473-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of non-EBF vs. EBF on gut bacterial pathway abundances in infants ≤6 months of age. a Meta-analysis of all infants in all seven included studies: heatmap of log(odds ratio) (log[OR]) of relative abundances of gut microbial KEGG pathways at level 3 between non-EBF and EBF infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates of all seven studies with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). b Meta-analysis of vaginally born infants in four studies: heatmap of log(OR) of relative abundances of gut microbial KEGG pathways at level 3 between non-EBF and EBF infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates of four studies with 95% CI. Only four studies with available birth mode information (Canada, Haiti, USA [CA–MA–MO] and USA [CA–FL]) are included. c Meta-analysis of C-section born infants in four studies: heatmap of log(OR) of relative abundances of gut microbial KEGG pathways at level 3 between non-EBF and EBF infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates of four studies with 95% CI. Only four studies with available birth mode information (Canada, Haiti, USA (CA–MA–MO) and USA (CA–FL)) are included. All log(OR) estimates of each pathway from each study were from generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) with zero-inflated beta family (BEZI) and were adjusted for age of infants at sample collection. Pooled log(OR) estimates and 95% CI (forest plot) were from random-effects meta-analysis models based on the adjusted log(OR) estimates and corresponding standard errors of all included studies. Pooled log(OR) estimates with pooled p-values < 0.05 are in red and those with false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted pooled p-values < 0.1 are shown as triangles. Only pathways with FDR-adjusted pooled p-value < 0.1 are shown. EBF exclusive breastfeeding, non-EBF non-exclusive breastfeeding, KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, OR odds ratio, USA United States of America, CA California, FL Florida, MA Massachusetts, MO Missouri, NC North Carolina