Table 1.
Diagnostic groups characteristics
| Control | Depression | U/χ2/t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 15 | 35 | ||
| Age, mean years (SD) | 24.3 (3.4) | 21.1 (2.9) | U = 122.0 | 0.003 |
| Sex, % females | 8 (53.3%) | 21 (60.0%) | χ2 = 0.19 | 0.662 |
| Circadian phase marker | ||||
| DLMO | 22.06 (1.49) | 23.58 (2.45) | U = 135.0 | 0.007 |
| CBTmin | 4.19 (1.32) | 5.17 (2.15) | t = 1.5 | 0.139 |
| Sleep | ||||
| SleepON | 0.13 (0.55) | 1.14 (1.59) | t = 2.4 | 0.021 |
| SleepOFF | 7.54 (1.05) | 9.49 (2.01) | t = 4.2 | 0.000 |
| TST (min) | 431.6 (53.5) | 445.1 (56.2) | t = 0.7 | 0.483 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 90.8 (2.5) | 85.1 (4.0) | t = −4.6 | 0.000 |
| Phase angles, mean (SD); min | ||||
| SleepON−DLMO | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.2 (2.2) | t = −1.4 | 0.169 |
| CBTmin−Sleepmid | 0.6 (1.2) | −0.2 (1.7) | t = −1.6 | 0.107 |
| CBTmin−DLMO | 6.2 (1.2) | 5.2 (2.5) | t = −1.9 | 0.060 |
| Occupational status, n (%) | ||||
| FT employment | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (13.3%) | χ2 = 0.47 | 0.494 |
| Studying and PT employment | 5 (35.7%) | 7 (23.3%) | χ2 = 0.74 | 0.390 |
| Studying | 5 (35.7%) | 7 (23.3%) | χ2 = 0.74 | 0.390 |
| PT Employment | 1 (7.1%) | 7 (23.3%) | χ2 = 1.7 | 0.195 |
| Volunteering | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.3%) | χ2 = 0.48 | 0.490 |
| Unemployed | 0 (0%) | 4 (13.3%) | χ2 = 2.1 | 0.152 |
| Psychotropic medication, n (%) | ||||
| None | – | 16 (45.7%) | ||
| Antidepressants | – | 15 (42.9%) | ||
| Mood stabilisers | – | 1 (2.9%) | ||
| Antipsychotics | – | 5 (14.3%) | ||
| Stimulants | – | 1 (2.9%) | ||
Occupational data was missing for 5/35 depression cases and 1/15 controls
SD standard deviation, FT full time, PT part time