Table 1.
Characteristics of the 2542 study participants (1269 males and 1273 females) at baseline (2003-2006) and at follow-up (2009-2012).
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics Age range (years) |
Baseline (t0) (3-17) |
Follow-up (t1) (9-24) |
p-value | Baseline (t0) (3-17) |
Follow-up (t1) (9-24) |
p-value |
| Mean age∗ | 8.5 (8.3-8.7) |
14.7 (14.5-14.9) |
0.000 | 8.5 (8.3-8.7) |
14.8 (14.6-15.0) |
0.000 |
| SBP (mmHg)∗ | 102.8 (102.2-103.4) |
117.6 (116.8-118.5) |
0.000 | 102.8 (102.3-103.4) |
114.7 (114.0-115.4) |
0.000 |
| DBP (mmHg)∗ | 62.1 (61.7-62.5) |
66.2 (65.7-66.7) |
0.001 | 62.7 (62.3-63.1) |
66.0 (65.5-66.5) |
0.001 |
| Hypertensive BP& | 8.5% (7.1-10.2) |
15.7% (13.8-17.8) |
0.001 | 8.6% (7.2-10.3) |
14.0% (12.2-16.0) |
0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2)∗ | 17.1 (16.9-17.2) |
20.7 (20.4-20.9) |
0.000 | 17.1 (17.0-17.3) |
20.5 (20.3-20.8) |
0.000 |
| Underweight | 9.8% (8.3-11.6) |
6.1% (4.9-7.5) |
0.001 | 11.3% (9.7-13.2) |
9.4% (7.9-11.1) |
0.104 |
| Normal-weight | 78.9% (76.6-81.1) |
72.5% (70.0-74.9) |
0.000 | 74.0% (71.6-76.4) |
72.6% (70.0-75.0) |
0.372 |
| Overweight | 9.1% (7.6-10.8) |
16.3% (14.4-18.5) |
0.000 | 12.2% (10.5-14.1) |
13.8% (12.0-15.8) |
0.238 |
| Obese | 2.2% (1.5-3.2) |
5.1% (4.0-6.5) |
0.000 | 2.4% (1.7-3.4) |
4.3% (3.3-5.5) |
0.011 |
| Sports activities (3 or more times/week) (3-10 years) | 43.2% (40.1-46.4) |
- | - | 35.5% (32.4-38.6) |
- | - |
| Sports activities (h/week)∗ (11-17 years) |
7.6 (6.5-8.8) |
- | - | 5.2 (4.7-5.7) |
- | - |
| Parental hypertension | - | 28.1% (25.7-30.8) |
- | - | 30.3% (27.7-32.9) |
- |
| Low birthweight (<2500 g) |
5.0% (3.9-6.4) |
- | - | 6.3% (5.1-7.8) |
- | - |
∗mean (95% CI).
&SBP or DBP at or above the 95th age-, sex-, and height-specific percentile for children and adolescents under 18 years, or BP ≥140/90 mmHg irrespective of the percentile. For young adults aged 18 years or older, the absolute cutoffs for hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) were applied.