Table 3.
Predictors of hypertensive BP∗ at six-year follow-up in children and adolescents in Germany.
| univariable analysis | multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3- to 10-year-olds (at baseline) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | 0.50 | Ref | 0.19 |
| Female | 1.09 (0.85-1.39) | 1.21 (0.91-1.59) | ||
|
| ||||
| Age | 1.14 (1.08-1.21) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.08-1.23) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| BP t0 | ||||
| normal (<P95) | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
| hypertensive (≥P95) | 4.44 (3.14-6.28) | 4.25 (2.90-6.23) | ||
|
| ||||
| BMI trajectory (t0 to t1) | ||||
| persistently low or normal | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
| resolution | 1.74 (0.96-3.16) | 1.64 (0.86-3.11) | ||
| persistently overweight/obesity | 3.87 (2.67-5.61) | 2.70 (1.78-4.12) | ||
| incident overweight/obesity | 3.95 (2.83-5.51) | 4.44 (3.08-6.42) | ||
|
| ||||
| Sport activities (times/week) | ||||
| <1 | Ref | 0.14 | Ref | 0.07 |
| 1-2 | 1.21 (0.85-1.73) | 1.30 (0.87-1.92) | ||
| ≥3 | 1.42 (0.99-2.02) | 1.58 (1.06-2.35) | ||
|
| ||||
| Parental hypertension | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.02 | Ref | 0.48 |
| Yes | 1.38 (1.06-1.80) | 1.11 (0.83-1.49) | ||
|
| ||||
| Low birthweight (<2500g) | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.59 | Ref | 0.69 |
| Yes | 1.14 (0.70-1.88) | 1.12 (0.64-1.96) | ||
|
| ||||
| 11- to 17-year-olds (at baseline) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.37 (0.22-0.61) | 0.33 (0.18-0.61) | ||
|
| ||||
| Age | 1.22 (1.07-1.40) | <0.01 | 1.21 (1.03-1.42) | 0.02 |
|
| ||||
| BP t0 | ||||
| normal (<P95) | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | 0.001 |
| hypertensive (≥P95) | 3.41 (1.87-6.23) | 3.35 (1.60-7.01) | ||
|
| ||||
| BMI trajectory (t0 to t1) | ||||
| persistently low or normal | Ref | 0.07 | Ref | 0.32 |
| resolution | 1.82 (0.58-5.70) | 0.85 (0.17-4.19) | ||
| persistently overweight/obesity | 2.23 (1.19-4.16) | 1.96 (0.89-4.29) | ||
| incident overweight/obesity | 1.50 (0.73-3.08) | 1.59 (0.65-3.88) | ||
|
| ||||
| Physical activities (hours/week) | ||||
| ≤2.0 | Ref | 0.24 | Ref | 0.42 |
| 2.1-4.9 | 1.76 (0.76-4.07) | 1.75 (0.69-4.40) | ||
| 5.0-31.0 | 1.93 (0.90-4.13) | 1.70 (0.74-3.91) | ||
|
| ||||
| Parental hypertension | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.03 | Ref | 0.04 |
| Yes | 1.78 (1.07-2.95) | 1.85 (1.02-3.33) | ||
|
| ||||
| Low birthweight (<2500g) | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.46 | Ref | 0.56 |
| Yes | 0.57 (0.13-2.50) | 0.62 (0.12-3.16) | ||
∗Hypertensive BP: SBP or DBP at or above the 95th age-, sex-, and height-specific percentile for children and adolescents under 18 years or BP ≥140/90 mmHg irrespective of the percentile; for adults aged 18 or older: ≥140/90 mmHg.
OR = odds ratio BP = blood pressure.