Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort.
| CHD (n = 16) | Control (n = 15) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy characteristics | |||
| Maternal age | 27.2 (5.8) | 29.0 (5.7) | 0.39 |
| Maternal race | 0.33 | ||
| Caucasian | 15 (93.8) | 15 (100) | |
| African American | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Paternal race | 0.21 | ||
| Caucasian | 13 (81.2) | 15 (100) | |
| African American | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Maternal asthma | 3 (18.8) | 1 (6.7) | 0.60 |
| Pre-pregnancy or gestational DM | 4 (25.0) | 0 (0) | 0.10 |
| Gestational HTN or pre-eclampsia | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.48 |
| Maternal Hypothyroidism | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.7) | 1.00 |
| Delivery characteristics | |||
| Mode of delivery | 0.34 | ||
| Vaginal | 12 (80.0) | 13 (86.7) | |
| Non-emergent cesarean section | 1 (6.7) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Emergent cesarean section | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Apgar Score at 1 mina | 8 (7–8) | 8 (8–8) | 0.29 |
| Apgar score at 5 mina | 8 (8–9) | 9 (9–9) | 0.074 |
| Gestational age at birth, wksa | 38.9 (37.3–39.0) | 39.7 (38.9–40.3) | 0.002† |
| Birthweight, g | 3062 (722) | 3385 (470) | 0.16 |
| Birth length, cm | 48.4 (3.4) | 50.9 (2.4) | 0.03† |
| Birth head circumference, cm | 33.3 (1.4) | 34.4 (1.2) | 0.02† |
| Infant sex, male | 10 (62.7) | 8 (53.3) | 0.71 |
| Postnatal characteristics | |||
| Preoperative prostaglandins | 11 (73.3) | – | – |
| Preoperative atrial septostomy | 3 (20.0) | – | – |
| Age at surgery, daysa | 11 (3–83) | – | – |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass | 12 (80.0) | – | – |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min | 135 (49.1) | – | – |
| Cross-clamp time, min | 82 (44.4) | – | – |
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest | 7 (46.7) | – | – |
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time, min | 80 (57.6) | – | – |
| Extracorporeal life support | 2 (13.3) | – | – |
| Length of hospital stay, daysa | 32.0 (13.0–49.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.5) | <0.001† |
| Died | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
| MRI characteristics | |||
| GA at fetal MRI, wks | 32.7 (2.5) | 32.7 (3.7) | 0.99 |
| PMA at preoperative MRI, wks | 38.8 (0.7) | 40.3 (0.7) | 0.001† |
| Weight at preoperative MRI, g | 3570 (540) | 3574 (334) | 0.99 |
| PMA at postoperative MRI, wks | 42.6 (2.3) | – | – |
| Weight at postoperative MRI, g | 3352 (636) | – | – |
| PMA at 3-month MRI, wks | 51.0 (1.8) | 54.2 (1.2) | <0.001† |
| Weight at 3-month MRI, g | 4721 (698) | 5977 (557) | 0.001† |
| Change in weight, birth to 3-month MRI, g | 1650 (807) | 2637 (710) | 0.01† |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or number (percentage), unless otherwise noted. Delivery and hospitalization characteristics are reported for 15 CHD subjects, as one subject transferred care to her local hospital prior to delivery. MRI characteristics were for those subjects with usable volumetric data. (−) Represents variables that were not applicable to the control population and could not be compared between groups. DM = diabetes mellitus, GA = gestational age, HTN = hypertension, PMA = postmenstrual age.
a
Data are displayed as median (interquartile range).
†
p < 0.05.