Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Characteristics | PD n = 136(%) | Control n = 60(%) | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | >65 years old | 61 (44.9%) | 29 (48.3%) | 0.756 |
| ≤65 years old | 75 (55.1%) | 31 (51.7%) | ||
| Gender | Male | 84 (61.8%) | 31 (51.7%) | 0.2696 |
| Female | 52 (38.2%) | 29 (48.3%) | ||
| Race | Chinese | 110 (80.9%) | 52 (86.7%) | 0.4144 |
| Non‐Chineseb | 26 (19.1%) | 8 (13.3%) | ||
| Religion | With Religionc | 115 (84.6%) | 53 (88.3%) | 0.6583 |
| Without religion | 21 (15.4%) | 7 (11.7%) | ||
| Employment | Employed | 50 (36.8%) | 26 (43.3%) | 0.4279 |
| Unemployed | 86 (63.2%) | 34 (56.7%) | ||
| Marital status | Married | 114 (83.8%) | 49 (81.7%) | 0.6849 |
| Othersd | 22 (16.2%) | 11 (18.3%) | ||
| Years of education | >10 years | 60 (44.1%) | 19 (31.7%) | 0.1156 |
| ≤10 years | 76 (55.9%) | 41 (68.3%) | ||
| Past hospital admissions | At least 1 | 71 (52.2%) | 20 (33.3%) | 0.0195 |
| 0 | 65 (47.8%) | 40 (66.7%) | ||
| Charlson weighted index | >2 | 72 (52.9%) | 27 (45.0%) | 0.3533 |
| ≤2 | 64 (47.1%) | 33 (55.0%) | ||
| Hoehn and Yahr stages | >2 | 29 (21.3%) | ||
| ≤2 | 107 (78.7%) | |||
| UPDRS motor scores | >17 | 64 (47.1%) | ||
| ≤17 | 72 (52.9%) | |||
| Duration of PD | >5 years | 71 (52.2%) | ||
| ≤5 years | 65 (47.8%) | |||
| Mini‐Mental Status Examination | ≥24 | 114 (83.8%) | ||
| <24 | 22 (16.2%) | |||
| Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐8 | >7.63 | 68 (50%) | ||
| ≤7.63 | 68 (50%) | |||
| Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale | >90 | 36 (26.5%) | ||
| ≤90 | 100 (73.5%) | |||
a
From Fisher's exact test.
b
Includes Malay, Indian, and minority races.
c
Includes Buddhism/Taoism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.
d
Includes single, divorce/separated, and widow.
PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS Motor scores, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rate Scale Motor Scores.