Table 1.
Test Conditions for Characterizing Aerosols during Past Showering Studies.
| Water Contaminant |
Cubicle Dimensions |
Water Temperature |
Probe Position |
Nozzle Location |
Monitoring Time | Measuring Technique |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloroform | 1.53 m3 1.53 (h) × 1.18 (w) × 0.85 (d) |
35–45 ˚C | Center of exhaust vent | Top center with water sprayed directly on floor (135 cm) | Every 2 min during 15 min | Hot wire anemometer (model AIMS droplet counter) |
Keating et al., 1997 |
| Heloacetic acids and haloketones | 6 m3 2.39 (h) × 2.67 (w) × 0.94 (d) |
36–38 ˚C | At breathing height 1.5 m through 1.75 m | Top of shower stall | Total 42 min with a 6 min background, 10 min shower on and 26 min shower off period | Optical particle counter (Lasair model 1002) | Xu and Weisel, 2003 |
| Salts | Full size tub within 11 m3 bathroom | Cold and Hot | Top of shower curtain (2 m) and 1 m above floor | Mannequin was positioned in shower spray cone to simulate splashing | 5–10 min before shower on, 10 min shower on and 10 min after shower off | Climet monitors | Cowen and Ollison, (2006) |
| Elemental constituents of water | 2.0 m3 2.41 (h) × 0.92 (w) × 0.92 (d) |
24–25 ˚C and 43-44 ˚C | Breathing height 1.5 m inside and outside shower | Water showered on mannequin at 30˚ angle | Aerodynamic particle sizer completed one measurement every min for each 10 min showering period. Next test period began when room temperature and humidity were back to baseline | Nephelometerbased DataRAM real time particle monitor and aerodynamic particle sizer (APS 3310) | Zhou et al., 2007 |
| City water with Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 m3 bathroom with 2.2 m3 curtain closing shower stall | 33–43 ˚C | 1.5 m from the floor | Four shower stalls during two seasonal sampling periods (two stalls per season) | Each shower stall was sampled for 3 days with a conventional showerhead in place and for 3 days with a membraneintegrated showerhead installed in the same shower. | Swirling aerosol collectors for 90 min | Perkins et al., 2009 |
| City water from UK with Legionella pneumophila |
99 showers from 82 households | 26.8 – 33 °C | 1 m from the shower at a height of 1.6 m | Plastic and metal | Sampled at the time of shower activation for a period of five and 10 min | six-stage viable Andersen sampler at a flow rate of 28.3 L/min. | Collins et al., 2017 |