Table 1. Characteristics of Study Sample (N = 1,136), by Nativity, Imputed Totals, Men’s Health Initiative, New York City, 2010–2014.
| Characteristic | Nativity |
P Valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 1,136) | US-born (n = 829) | Foreign-born (n = 311) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Mean age, y (SD)b | 57.6 (6.6) | 56.8 (6.2) | 59.8 (7.3) | <.001 |
| No. of years in the United States | NA | NA | 25.0 (13.0) | NA |
| Proportion (SD) of life lived in the United States | 0.84 (0.28) | 1.00 | 0.42 (0.22) | NA |
| Language spoken at home, % | ||||
| English | 91.5 | 97.8 | 74.4 | <.001 |
| Some other language | 8.5 | 2.2 | 25.6 | |
| Religion, % | ||||
| Christianity | 74.7 | 73.5 | 77.9 | <.001 |
| Islam | 13.8 | 15.9 | 8.1 | |
| Atheist/agnostic | 8.8 | 9.1 | 8.1 | |
| Other | 2.7 | 1.6 | 5.8 | |
| Marital status, % | ||||
| Married or partnered | 26.2 | 18.7 | 46.4 | <.001 |
| Divorced or separated | 29.3 | 29.6 | 28.6 | |
| Widowed | 7.6 | 8.1 | 6.2 | |
| Never married | 36.9 | 43.7 | 18.8 | |
| Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| Education, % | ||||
| Less than high school | 31.6 | 30.6 | 34.1 | .002 |
| High school graduate | 38.0 | 39.8 | 33.1 | |
| Some college | 18.4 | 19.4 | 15.6 | |
| College or higher | 12.1 | 10.1 | 17.2 | |
| Employment status, % | ||||
| Employed | 27.9 | 24.7 | 36.4 | <.001 |
| Unemployed | 44.2 | 45.0 | 41.9 | |
| Retired | 13.9 | 13.4 | 15.3 | |
| Unable to work | 13.8 | 16.5 | 6.5 | |
| Other | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
| HUD poverty levelc, % | ||||
| Extremely low (≤30%) | 76.0 | 76.7 | 74.0 | .13 |
| Very low (31%–50%) | 13.8 | 12.9 | 16.2 | |
| Low (51%–80%) | 5.6 | 5.2 | 6.8 | |
| >80% | 4.6 | 5.2 | 2.9 | |
| Access to Care | ||||
| Has a personal doctor, % | ||||
| Yes, one or more | 59.5 | 61.2 | 54.9 | .05 |
| No | 40.6 | 38.8 | 45.1 | |
| Has insurance, % | ||||
| Yes | 77.6 | 85.0 | 57.5 | <.001 |
| No | 22.4 | 15.0 | 42.5 | |
| GBMMS Suspicion Subscore (SD) | 2.25 (0.83) | 2.23 (0.82) | 2.32 (0.84) | .10 |
| Health-Related Behaviors | ||||
| Servings per day of fruits and vegetables, % | ||||
| None | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | .84 |
| 1–4 | 67.1 | 67.6 | 65.9 | |
| ≥5 | 29.2 | 28.7 | 30.5 | |
| Physical activity, IPAQ (short) category, %d | ||||
| Low | 23.8 | 22.6 | 27.3 | .05 |
| Moderate | 24.9 | 24.0 | 27.3 | |
| High | 51.3 | 53.4 | 45.4 | |
| Didn’t get health care when needed, % | 29.3 | 29.8 | 27.9 | .54 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Never | 21.6 | 15.4 | 38.0 | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 54.0 | 63.1 | 29.6 | |
| Former smoker | 24.5 | 21.5 | 32.5 | |
| Has more than 2 alcoholic drinks/d, % | 5.5 | 6.2 | 3.6 | .09 |
| Aware of high blood pressure, % | 66.7 | 70.0 | 57.8 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: GBMMS, Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale; HUD, US Department of Housing and Urban Development; IPAQ-S, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short form; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.
a
P values calculated using χ2 tests, except where indicated.
b
Age averages and SDs are reported as unweighted. P value calculated using simple linear regression.
c
Determined by % of median income.
d
Low was defined as not meeting criteria for either moderate or vigorous activity; moderate as participating in at least 20 min/d of vigorous activity on 3 or more d/wk or at least 30 min/d of moderate activity on at least 5 d/wk; and high as participating in vigorous activity on 3 or more d/wk.