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Structures of Echinacea phytochemicals with established bioactivity. Caffeic acid derivatives are represented by caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid (left) as well as cichoric and echinacoside (middle). Echinacea alkylamides are represented by the isomers of 2,4,8,10-dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamide; a diversity of alkylamides in Echinacea are similarly isobutylamides with alkyl chains of variable length and saturation.
