Table 1. Covariates and corresponding expected influence on the estimates of leopard site use and detection in the Ruaha landscape, southern Tanzania, during the dry seasons of 2014–2015.

Ψ: Estimated probability of site use; p: probability of detection, given site use. CPUE: catch-per unit effort index of prey availability for each camera-trap station based on the number of independent records for the main five leopard prey species [42] photographed during the survey.

Covariates	Model type	Expected influence
Livestock presence	Ψ	-
Distance to Greater Ruaha River	Ψ	+
Distance to household	Ψ	+
Prey availability (CPUE)	Ψ	+
Trail type	p	+