Table 5.
Clinical summary of endogenous endophthalmitis in the current study
| Case | Age/sex/eye | Systemic risk factors | Initial VA | Culture | Organism | Source of infection | Systemic antibiotics/antifungal | IVT abk/antifungal | Vitrectomy | Final VA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | Other body fluids | Vitreous | ||||||||||
| 1 | 49/M/R | – | CF | + | + Sputum | − | Acinetobacter sp. | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/18 |
| 2 | 76/F/R | – | PL | − | + Skin | − | Candida albicans | Skin infection | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 3 | 49/M/L | DM | 4/60 | − | + Skin | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Unasyn | Yes | No | 6/36 |
| 4 | 46/F/L | – | NAV | − | + Sputum | − | Acinetobacter sp. | Lung infection | Ceftriaxone, sulperazone | Yes | No | NAV |
| 5 | 39/F/L | Leukemia | 6/36 | − | − | − | – | – | Amphotericin, fluconazole | Yes | yes | 6/9 |
| 6 | 71/M/L | – | CF | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Cefuroxime | Yes | No | 6/24 |
| 7 | 56/F/R | DM | NPL | − | − | − | – | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | NPL |
| 8 | 56/M/L | Leukemia | 6/60 | + | − | − | Enterobacter intermedius | – | Vancomycin, moxifloxacin | Yes | No | HM |
| 9 | 26/M/R | – | 6/36 | + | − | Not done | Staphylococcus aureus | IE | Cloxacillin, gentamicin | No | No | 6/36 |
| 10 | 26/M/L | – | 6/9 | + | − | Not done | Staphylococcus aureus | IE | Cloxacillin, gentamicin | No | No | 6/6 |
| 11 | 61/M/R | DM | CF | + | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | UTI | Fluconazole, voriconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 12 | 61/M/L | DM | 6/36 | + | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | UTI | Fluconazole, voriconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 13 | 60/M/R | DM | PL | − | + Liver, + sputum | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, metronidazole | Yes | Yes | PL |
| 14 | 60/M/L | DM | PL | − | + Liver, + sputum | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, metronidazole | Yes | No | NPL |
| 15 | 49/M/R | DM | HM | − | + Urine | − | Staphylococcus aureus | DFU | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 16 | 49/M/L | DM | HM | − | + Urine | − | Staphylococcus aureus | DFU | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 17 | 52/F/L | DM | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin, vancomycin | Yes | No | CF |
| 18 | 57/M/L | DM, renal failure | CF | − | + Infected catheter | + | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | DFU | Ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, meropenem | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 19 | 38/F/L | DM | HM | − | − | − | – | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 20 | 71/F/R | DM | CF | + | − | − | Staphylococcus coagulase -ve | Lung infection | Cefuroxime | Yes | No | 6/60 |
| 21 | 49/F/L | Renal failure on steroid | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/12 |
| 22 | 68/M/L | DM, malignancy | 6/12 | − | + Sputum | Not done | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Lung infection | Ceftriaxone, cefuroxime | No | No | 6/9 |
| 23 | 56/M/L | DM, renal failure, hydronephrosis | 4/60 | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin | Yes | No | 4/60 |
| 24 | 30/F/R | DM | PL | − | + Urine | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Vancomycin, ceftazidime | Yes | Yes | PL |
| 25 | 65/F/R | – | 6/60 | − | − | − | – | UTI | NAV | Yes | Yes | 6/24 |
| 26 | 19/F/R | SLE with lupus nephritis, on steroid | 6/6 | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Vancomycin | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 27 | 75/F/R | DM | 6/18 | − | + Sputum | Not done | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | No | No | 6/24 |
| 28 | 75/F/L | DM | CF | − | + Sputum | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | PL |
| 29 | 51/F/R | DM | HM | − | + HVS | − | Candida albicans | – | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 30 | 53/F/L | – | HM | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 31 | 49/M/L | DM | HM | NAV | NAV | − | NAV | HPB infection | NAV | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 32 | 19/M/R | – | HM | − | − | Not done | – | Meningitis | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | NAV |
| 33 | 65/F/L | CNS lymphoma | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 34 | 77/M/R | – | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin, fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/36 |
| 35 | 27/F/R | – | 6/24 | − | − | Not done | – | Lung infection | NAV | No | No | 6/9 |
| 36 | 27/F/L | – | 6/24 | − | − | Not done | – | Lung infection | NAV | No | No | 6/9 |
| 37 | 56/F/R | – | 3/60 | + | − | Not done | Staphylococcus aureus | UTI | C-penicillin, unasyn | No | No | 6/9 |
| 38 | 62/M/R | DM | 6/12 | + | + Urine | Not done | Streptococcus sp. | UTI | Piperacillin-tazobactam | Yes | No | 6/9 |
| 39 | 62/M/L | DM | PL | + | + Urine | − | Streptococcus sp. | UTI | Piperacillin-tazobactam | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 40 | 34/M/R | Renal failure | HM | − | + Urine | NAV | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Sulperazone | Yes | No | 3/60 |
| 41 | 63/M/L | DM | CF | − | + Sputum | Not done | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Trimethoprime, sulphamethoxazole | No | No | CF |
| 42 | 30/F/R | – | 6/60 | − | − | − | – | Skin infection | Cloxacillin | Yes | No | 6/6 |
| 43 | 30/F/L | – | 6/24 | − | − | Not done | – | Skin infection | Cloxacillin | Yes | No | 6/6 |
| 44 | 61/F/R | DM, sigmoid colon carcinoma | CF | − | − | − | – | Infected catheter | Ciprofloxacin, fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/36 |
| 45 | 40/M/L | – | HM | − | − | − | – | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, meropenem | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 46 | 53/M/R | DM | HM | − | − | − | – | Lung infection | Cefoperazone | Yes | No | 6/60 |
| 47 | 53/M/L | DM | HM | − | − | − | – | Lung infection | Ceftriaxone | Yes | No | HM |
| 48 | 57/M/R | DM | HM | − | − | + | Staphylococcus aureus | UTI | Vancomycin | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 49 | 57/M/L | DM | 3/60 | − | − | + | Staphylococcus aureus | UTI | Vancomycin | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 50 | 70/M/R | DM, hydronephrosis | HM | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin, gentamicin | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 51 | 70/M/L | DM, hydronephrosis | HM | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin, gentamicin | Yes | No | CF |
| 52 | 19/M/L | Takayashu arteritis, renal failure on steroid | 2/60 | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofoxacin, ceftazidime | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 53 | 56/F/R | DM | 6/18 | + | + Liver | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Cefuroxime | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 54 | 56/M/R | DM | HM | + | − | − | MRSA | Infected catheter | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | CF |
| 55 | 56/M/L | DM | CF | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ceftazidime | Yes | No | NPL |
| 56 | 57/M/R | – | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 57 | 57/M/L | – | 6/12 | − | − | Not done | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 58 | 38/F/L | – | 6/9 | − | + Urine | − | Escherichia coli | UTI | Ceftazidime | No | No | 6/9 |
| 59 | 55/M/R | DM | CF | − | + Infected catheter | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Ceftriaxone | Yes | No | CF |
| 60 | 7/M/R | Leukemia | 6/36 | − | + Infected catheter | − | Fungal* | Septic arthritis | Itraconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 61 | 42/F/R | – | CF | + | − | − | Bukholderia pseudomallei | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/24 |
| 62 | 63/F/R | DM | NAV | + | + Urine/infected catheter | Not done | Klebsiella pneumonia | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | No | No | NPL |
| 63 | 71/F/L | – | HM | − | − | NAV | – | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | NAV | NAV | NAV |
| 64 | 22/F/L | Leukemia | 6/24 | + | − | Not done | Fungal* | – | Voriconazole | No | No | 6/18 |
| 65 | 45/M/L | DM, renal failure | NPL | + | + Infected catheter | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin | Yes | No | NPL |
| 66 | 48/M/R | DM | CF | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | Yes | Yes | 6/60 |
| 67 | 31/M/L | – | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/6 |
| 68 | 54/M/L | – | 6/60 | + | + Sputum, CSF | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ceftriaxone, imipenem | Yes | No | NPL |
| 69 | 55/M/R | DM, renal failure | HM | + | + Infected catheter | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/60 |
| 70 | 55/M/L | DM, renal failure | HM | + | + Infected catheter | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/36 |
| 71 | 14/F/L | – | 6/36 | − | − | Not done | – | – | Ceftazidime, trimethoprime, sulphamethoxazole | No | No | 6/18 |
| 72 | 42/F/L | – | 6/60 | − | − | − | – | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 73 | 30/F/R | – | 6/12 | − | + HVS | − | Steroptococcus sp. | Genital infection | c-penicillin | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 74 | 67/F/L | DM | HM | − | − | − | – | Lung infection | Ceftazidime | Yes | No | NAV |
| 75 | 65/M/L | – | CF | − | + Liver | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, imipenem | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 76 | 34/F/R | Leukemia | PL | + | − | − | Candida tropicalis | – | Voriconazole | Yes | No | NPL |
| 77 | 34/F/L | Leukemia | CF | + | − | − | Candida tropicalis | – | Voriconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/60 |
| 78 | 58/M/R | DM, renal failure | NPL | + | + Urine | + | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | UTI | Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole | No | No | NPL |
| 79 | 55/F/R | DM | 6/60 | + | − | + | Bukholderia cepacia | Meningitis | Ceftazidime | Yes | No | 6/36 |
| 80 | 25/M/L | – | PL | + | − | + | Steroptococcus sp. | – | Cloxacillin | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 81 | 48/F/L | – | 6/60 | − | − | − | – | – | Ceftazidime | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 82 | 52/F/L | DM | CF | + | + Urine | − | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | UTI | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 83 | 55/F/L | DM | HM | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, azithromycin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 84 | 74/M/L | DM, renal carcinoma | CF | − | − | − | – | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin, fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/24 |
| 85 | 37/F/R | DM | HM | + | − | − | – | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 5/60 |
| 86 | 66/F/R | DM | PL | − | + Infected catheter | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 87 | 66/F/L | DM | PL | − | + Infected catheter | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | CF |
| 88 | 50/F/R | DM | HM | + | − | − | Staphylococcus coagulase -ve | UTI | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/9 |
| 89 | 65/M/R | DM, alcoholic liver disease | CF | − | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | HPB infection | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 90 | 65/M/L | DM, alcoholic liver disease | CF | − | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | HPB infection | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 3/60 |
| 91 | 49/F/L | DM | 6/9 | − | − | − | – | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin, fluconazole | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 92 | 41/F/R | Leukemia | 6/7.5 | + | − | Not done | Candida tropicalis | – | Voriconazole | Yes | No | 6/9 |
| 93 | 41/F/L | Leukemia | 6/60 | + | − | − | Candida tropicalis | – | Voriconazole | Yes | No | 6/18 |
| 94 | 58/M/R | DM, liver disease | 6/36 | − | − | − | – | – | Ceftazidime | Yes | No | 6/9 |
| 95 | 55/F/R | Auto-immune hepatitis on steroid and immunosuppressant | CF | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 96 | 81/M/R | – | HM | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/12 |
| 97 | 32/F/R | Leukemia | 6/24 | − | − | + | Xylariaceae sp. | – | Voriconazole | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 98 | 32/F/L | Leukemia | 6/12 | − | − | − | – | – | Voriconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/12 |
| 99 | 63/F/R | – | HM | − | − | + | Staphylococcus coagulase -ve | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 100 | 54/M/L | DM, renal failure | PL | + | + Infected catheter | + | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | Yes | No | NPL |
| 101 | 46/F/R | DM | HM | − | − | + | Penicillium sp. | – | Amphotericin, fluconazole | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 102 | 64/M/L | DM, rectal carcinoma | PL | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 103 | 66/M/L | DM | 6/24 | + | − | + | Mycoplasma pneumonia | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 104 | 59/F/L | DM, renal failure | HM | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 105 | 70/M/R | DM | PL | − | − | + | Penicillium sp. | – | Itraconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/36 |
| 106 | 41/F/R | DM | HM | − | − | − | – | Lung infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | PL |
| 107 | 67/M/L | DM | 6/9 | + | + Urine | + | Escherichia coli | UTI | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 108 | 63/M/R | – | 1/60 | + | + Infected catheter | + | MRSA | Skin infection | Vancomycin, ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 109 | 63/M/L | – | 6/24 | + | + Infected catheter | Not done | MRSA | Skin infection | Vancomycin, ciprofloxacin | No | No | 6/12 |
| 110 | 52/M/L | DM, renal failure | HM | − | − | + | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Skin infection | Voriconazole | Yes | No | CF |
| 111 | 45/M/R | DM, renal failure | PL | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 112 | 47/M/R | Alcoholic liver disease on steroid | 6/12 | + | − | Not done | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Cloxacillin | No | No | 6/9 |
| 113 | 47/M/L | Alcoholic liver disease on steroid | 6/12 | + | − | Not done | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Cloxacillin | No | No | 6/9 |
| 114 | 58/M/L | DM | PL | + | + Infected catheter | + | MRSA | Genital infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 115 | 67/F/R | – | 6/36 | − | + Urine | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Cefuroxime | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 116 | 48/M/L | DM | HM | − | − | Not done | – | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/18 |
| 117 | 78/F/L | – | CF | − | − | + | Staphylococcus coagulase -ve | – | Ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime | Yes | Yes | 3/60 |
| 118 | 61/F/L | DM | PL | − | + Urine | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Ciprofloxacin, meropenem | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 119 | 55/F/L | DM | 3/60 | + | + Sputum | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Ceftazidime | Yes | Yes | 6/12 |
| 120 | 55/M/L | – | PL | + | − | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole | Yes | No | NPL |
| 121 | 60/M/R | DM | PL | + | + Infected catheter | + | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Cloxacillin, ceftazidime | Yes | No | HM |
| 122 | 60/M/L | DM | PL | + | + Infected catheter | + | Staphylococcus aureus | Skin infection | Cloxacillin, ceftazidime | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 123 | 40/F/R | DM/liver cirrhosis, myelodysplastic syndrome | 6/18 | + | + Infected catheter | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | Lung infection | Cefuroxime, piperacillin-tazobactam | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 124 | 32/F/L | DM | 6/60 | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Cefuroxime | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 125 | 34/F/L | DM | HM | − | + Urine | + | Candida albicans | – | Amphoterin | Yes | Yes | 6/18 |
| 126 | 57/F/R | DM | PL | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | AGE | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | NAV |
| 127 | 48/M/R | DM | PL | − | − | − | – | DFU | Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime | Yes | No | NPL |
| 128 | 65/F/R | DM | 1/60 | − | + Urine | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | No | 6/60 |
| 129 | 65/F/R | DM, renal failure | HM | − | − | − | – | – | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 130 | 72/F/L | DM | HM | − | + Urine | − | Escherichia coli | UTI | Ciprofloxacin, trimethoprime, sulphamethoxazole | Yes | No | NPL |
| 131 | 55/F/R | DM | HM | + | − | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ceftriaxone | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 132 | 67/M/R | Adenocarcinoma of lung and colon | HM | − | − | − | – | Infected catheter | Fluconazole, voriconazole | Yes | Yes | NPL |
| 133 | 68/F/L | DM, renal failure | CF | + | − | − | Elizabethkingia meningocepticum | Infected catheter | Ceftazidime, cefazolin, vancomycin | Yes | No | CF |
| 134 | 68/F/R | DM, renal failure | 6/24 | + | − | − | Elizabethkingia meningocepticum | Infected catheter | Ceftazidime, cefazolin, vancomycin | Yes | No | 6/12 |
| 135 | 61/F/L | DM, renal failure | HM | + | − | − | Staphylococcus aureus | Infected catheter | Cloxacillin | Yes | No | 6/36 |
| 136 | 44/M/L | DM | PL | + | + Liver | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ceftazidime, imipenem | Yes | No | NPL |
| 137 | 65/M/L | DM, chronic cystitis | CF | − | + Urine | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | CF |
| 138 | 59/F/L | DM, renal Failure | HM | − | − | − | – | Skin infection | Ciprofloxacin | Yes | Yes | 6/18 |
| 139 | 67/F/L | Hepatolithiasis | PL | + | + Liver | − | Klebsiella pneumonia | HPB infection | Ciprofloxacin, imipenem | Yes | No | NPL |
| 140 | 76/M/R | DM | CF | − | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | UTI | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/9 |
| 141 | 76/M/L | DM | CF | − | + Urine | − | Candida albicans | UTI | Fluconazole | Yes | Yes | 6/24 |
| 142 | 38/F/R | – | HM | − | − | + | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | – | Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole | Yes | Yes | HM |
| 143 | 69/M/L | DM | HM | + | + Urine | + | Klebsiella pneumonia | UTI | Cefepime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | Yes | Yes | 1/60 |
Abbreviation: IVT intravitreal, abk antibiotic, DM diabetes mellitus, NAV not available, UTI urinary tract infection, IE infective endocarditis, HPB hepatobiliary, DFU diabetic foot ulcer, AGE acute gastroenteritis, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, CF counting finger, HM hand movement, PL perception of light, NPL non-perception of light