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. 2018 Oct 10;8:15061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33393-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The PIPER model is positioned prior to fall simulations, illustrated with a baseline of a 6YO. The same positioning angles are applied to all ages. (b) The head and neck models of the 1.5YO, 3YO, 6YO and 12YO are isolated to illustrate continuous growth model accounting the sutures in the head and cartilage in the neck bone. (c) The isometric view of the head model showing the skull, brain and facial bone (upper) and the brain is exposed to show the inner membranes of falx, tentorium and the pia mater (lower), illustrated with the baseline head model of a 6YO.