Table 1.
A table showing all studies which have investigated changes in calcium cycling in the atrium in either the various stages of atrial fibrillation (AF) or in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction.
| Early | pAF | PerAF | Heart failure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Content | ↑ Sun et al., 2001 ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 |
↑ Voigt et al., 2014 ↔ Hove-Madsen et al., 2004 ↓ Greiser et al., 2009; Wakili et al., 2010 |
↔ Kneller et al., 2002; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Neef et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2012; Macquaide et al., 2015 | ↑ Yeh et al., 2008; Clarke et al., 2015; Aistrup et al., 2017 ↓ Saba et al., 2005; Johnsen et al., 2013 |
|
| LTCC and ICa(L) | α1 subunit mRNA | ↓ Bosch et al., 2003 | ↓ Brundel et al., 2001 | ↓ Brundel et al., 1999; Lai et al., 1999; Van Gelder et al., 1999; Yue et al., 1999; van der Velden et al., 2000b; Gaborit et al., 2005 | – |
| ↔ Brundel et al., 1999 | |||||
| α1 subunit protein expression | – | ↓ Brundel et al., 2001; Lugenbiel et al., 2015 | ↓ Brundel et al., 1999; Klein et al., 2003; Lenaerts et al., 2009 | ↔ Ouadid et al., 1995; Boixel et al., 2001 | |
| ↔ Brundel et al., 1999 | ↔ Schotten et al., 2003b; Christ et al., 2004 | ||||
| ↑ Dai et al., 2016 | |||||
| ICa(L) density | ↓ Bosch et al., 2003; Qi et al., 2008; Greiser et al., 2014 | ↓ Yagi et al., 2002; Cha et al., 2004a; Wakili et al., 2010 | ↓ Yue et al., 1997; Van Wagoner et al., 1999; Workman et al., 2001; Yagi et al., 2002; Christ et al., 2004; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↓ Ouadid et al., 1995; Li et al., 2000; Boixel et al., 2001; Cha et al., 2004a,b; Dinanian et al., 2008; Sridhar et al., 2009; Clarke et al., 2015 | |
| ↔ Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ (single channel only) Klein et al., 2003 | ↔ Cheng T. H. et al., 1996; Workman et al., 2009 | |||
| SERCA and accessory proteins | SERCA2A mRNA | – | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999 | ↓ Brundel et al., 1999; Lai et al., 1999; Ohkusa et al., 1999; Cao et al., 2002 | – |
| ↔ Van Gelder et al., 1999 | |||||
| SERCA protein expression | ↓ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↓ Voigt et al., 2014; Lugenbiel et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017 | ↔ Hoit et al., 2002; Schotten et al., 2002; El-Armouche et al., 2006; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Neef et al., 2010; Dai et al., 2016 | ↔ Shanmugam et al., 2011; Clarke et al., 2015 | |
| ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Wakili et al., 2010 | ↓ Brundel et al., 1999 | ↓ Yeh et al., 2008 | |||
| SERCA function | – | ↑ Xie et al., 2012; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Shanmugam et al., 2011 | ↓ Yeh et al., 2008; Johnsen et al., 2013; Clarke et al., 2015; Hohendanner et al., 2016 | |
| ↔ Kneller et al., 2002 | |||||
| ↓ Voigt et al., 2012 | |||||
| PLB mRNA | – | – | ↔ Lai et al., 1999; Van Gelder et al., 1999 | – | |
| ↓ Gaborit et al., 2005 | |||||
| PLB protein expression | ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Schotten et al., 2002; Uemura et al., 2004; El-Armouche et al., 2006; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Neef et al., 2010 | ↔ Yeh et al., 2008; Shanmugam et al., 2011; Clarke et al., 2015 | |
| ↓ Hoit et al., 2002 | |||||
| PLB phosphorylation (Ser16) | ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↓ Greiser et al., 2009; Lugenbiel et al., 2015 ↑ Voigt et al., 2014 |
↑ El-Armouche et al., 2006; Dai et al., 2016 ↔ Lenaerts et al., 2009 |
↓ Shanmugam et al., 2011 | |
| PLB phosphorylation (Thr17) | ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Voigt et al., 2014 ↑ Chelu et al., 2009 |
↑ El-Armouche et al., 2006 | ↑ Yeh et al., 2008; Clarke et al., 2015 | |
| ↓ Lugenbiel et al., 2015 | ↔ Neef et al., 2010 | ||||
| Sarcolipin mRNA | – | – | ↓ Uemura et al., 2004 | – | |
| Sarcolipin protein expression | – | ↓ Xie et al., 2012 | ↓ Shanmugam et al., 2011 | ↓ Shanmugam et al., 2011 | |
| RyR | RyR mRNA | – | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Lai et al., 1999 | – |
| ↓ Ohkusa et al., 1999 | |||||
| RyR protein expression | ↓ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↑ Voigt et al., 2014 | ↓ Ohkusa et al., 1999; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Neef et al., 2010 | ↔ Yeh et al., 2008; Shanmugam et al., 2011 | |
| ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Wakili et al., 2010 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Schotten et al., 2002; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↓ Brandenburg et al., 2016 | |||
| ↑ Dai et al., 2016 | |||||
| RyR phosphorylation (Ser2808) | ↑ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Chelu et al., 2009; Wakili et al., 2010; Chiang et al., 2014b; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Vest et al., 2005; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↑ Brandenburg et al., 2016 | |
| ↑ Li et al., 2014 | |||||
| ↓ Lugenbiel et al., 2015 | ↓ Yeh et al., 2008 | ||||
| RyR phosphorylation (Ser2814) | ↓ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↑ Chelu et al., 2009; Greiser et al., 2009; Chiang et al., 2014b | ↑ Neef et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↔ Yeh et al., 2008; Brandenburg et al., 2016 | |
| ↔ Wakili et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2014; Lugenbiel et al., 2015 | |||||
| Single channel open probability | – | ↑ Beavers et al., 2013; Chiang et al., 2014b; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Vest et al., 2005; Neef et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2012; Macquaide et al., 2015 | – | |
| ↔ Lenaerts et al., 2009 | |||||
| NCX | NCX mRNA | – | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Van Gelder et al., 1999; Yue et al., 1999; Uemura et al., 2004 | – |
| NCX protein expression | ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Wakili et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Schotten et al., 2002; El-Armouche et al., 2006; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↑ Li et al., 2000 | |
| ↑ Lugenbiel et al., 2015 | ↔ Brundel et al., 1999; Hoit et al., 2002 | ||||
| Iti | ↑ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Cha et al., 2004a; Wakili et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Lenaerts et al., 2009; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↑ Li et al., 2000; Cha et al., 2004a,b; Johnsen et al., 2013; Hohendanner et al., 2015, 2016 | |
| ↔ Kneller et al., 2002 | ↓ Clarke et al., 2015 | ||||
| Calcium Transient Amplitude | ↓ Sun et al., 1998; Greiser et al., 2014 | ↔ Voigt et al., 2014 | ↓ Schotten et al., 2002; Lenaerts et al., 2009; Voigt et al., 2012 | ↓ Saba et al., 2005; Bonilla et al., 2014; Clarke et al., 2015 | |
| ↔ Wakili et al., 2010 | ↑ Yeh et al., 2008; Hohendanner et al., 2016 | ||||
| Afterdepolarizations | Spark and wave frequency | ↔ Greiser et al., 2014 | ↑ Hove-Madsen et al., 2004; Sood et al., 2008; Chelu et al., 2009; Li N. et al., 2012; Shan et al., 2012; Beavers et al., 2013; Chiang et al., 2014a,b; Faggioni et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Neef et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2012; Purohit et al., 2013; Macquaide et al., 2015 | ↑ Saba et al., 2005; Yeh et al., 2008; Johnsen et al., 2013; Hohendanner et al., 2015, 2016; Aistrup et al., 2017 |
| EADs | – | ↑ Burashnikov and Antzelevitch, 2003 | – | – | |
| DADs | – | ↑ Li N. et al., 2012; Chiang et al., 2014a; Faggioni et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Voigt et al., 2014 | ↑ Voigt et al., 2012; Purohit et al., 2013 | Yeh et al., 2008; Hohendanner et al., 2015, 2016; Aistrup et al., 2017 | |
Early = Animal models with <7 days atrial tachycardia pacing. pAF (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) = Animal models with 7–28 days of atrial tachycardia pacing OR a genetically modified mouse model of AF OR a human study detailing paroxysmal AF in the baseline characteristics. PerAF (persistent atrial fibrillation) = Animal models with >28 days of atrial tachycardia pacing OR human studies with either: persistent AF reported in baseline characteristics or assumed persistent in absence of description.