Table 1.
Pathological features and laboratory findings from 24 cases of Zika virus infection confirmed during pregnancy.
| TIME of infection–gestational trimester/Probable month of infection* | Patient code | RT-PCR (serum) | RT-PCR (urine) | Anti-ZIKV IgM (serum) | Anti-DENV Serology | IHC Placenta (FFPE) | RT-PCR Placenta (FFPE) | RT-PCR Placenta (unfixed) | Gestational age/Pathological features | Congenital disorder | Outcome/Delivery gestational age | Newborn samples–additional observation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Trimester (weeks 1–13) | 2nd | LRV/16 1350 | + | – | I | IgM-/IgG- | – | NT | – | Third trimester/umbilical artery agenesis | Yes—microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, calcifications | Newborn/preterm (36 w) | CSF, urine, lacrimal fluid and saliva RT-PCR- |
| 3rd | LRV/16 1318 | + | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | NT | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | CSF, Lacrimal fluid and saliva RT-PCR- Serum RT-PCR-/IgM- | |
| 1st | LRV/15 578 | NA | NA | NA | NA | –† | + | NA | Third trimester/villous immaturity | Yes—microcephaly, arthrogryposis, perinatal death | Newborn/term | Brain tissue RT-PCR+ | |
| 1st | LRV/16 1317 | + | NA | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | NT | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 2nd | LRV/15 572 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | + | NA | First trimester/chronic villitis TORCH-like | No | Spontaneous abortion/12 w | NA | |
| Second Trimester (weeks 14–26) | 6th | LRV/16 870 | + | NA | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA |
| 4th | LRV/16 1065 | + | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | NT | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | NO | Newborn/term | Lacrimal fluid and saliva RT-PCR-. Serum RT-PCR-/IgM+ Colostrum IgM+ | |
| 5th | LRV/16 933 | + | – | I | IgM-/IgG+ | – | – | + | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 6th | LRV/16 1068 | + | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | NT | + | Third trimester/mild acute funisitis | No | Newborn/term | Lacrimal fluid and saliva RT-PCR- | |
| 6th | LRV/16 995 | + | NA | I | IgM-/IgG- | – | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | Yes—Spina bifida | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 5th | LRV/16 1029 | + | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | Lacrimal fluid, saliva, serum RT-PCR-/IgM- Colostrum IgM+ | |
| 5th | LRV/16 1004 | + | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | – | + | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term (40 w) | Serum RT-PCR-/IgM- | |
| 6th | LRV/16 845 | + | NA | – | IgM-/IgG- | + | – | – | Third trimester/villous immaturity | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| Third Trimester (weeks 27–40) | 8th | LRV/16 927 | NA | – | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA |
| 7th | LRV/16 854 | + | NA | I | IgM-/IgG- | + | – | – | Third trimester/villous immaturity | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 7th | LRV/16 859 | – | – | + | IgM-/IgG+ | + | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 7th | LRV/16 931 | + | NA | I | IgM-/IgG- | – | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 7th | LRV/16 848 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn/term | NA | |
| 8th | LRV/16 284 | – | + | + | IgM-/IgG+ | – | NT | + | Third trimester/without pathological changes | No | Newborn | Serum RT-PCR-/IgM- | |
| Unknown | ? | LRV/16 857 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | Yes—Hydrocephalus | Newborn/preterm (34 w) | NA |
| ? | LRV/16 103 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/villous immaturity | Yes—Stillborn | Intrauterine fetal demise/term | Viscera RT-PCR- | |
| ? | LRV/16 515 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/villous immaturity | Yes—brain abnormalities, encephalocele, death at 1-month-old | Newborn/term (38 w) | Viscera and CSF RT-PCR- | |
| ? | HC N16-09 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | – | NA | Third trimester/villous immaturity | Yes—Microcephaly, discrete multifocal cerebritis, calcifications | Intrauterine fetal demise/term | NA | |
| ? | LRV/16 855 | NA | – | NA | NA | + | – | – | Third trimester/without pathological changes | Yes—Hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, calcifications, bilateral congenital cataract | Newborn/preterm (34 w) | CSF RT-PCR- |
*
For term placentas, the probable month of infection was calculated assuming delivery at week 39 as described by Moore et al. (Moore et al., 2014).
†
IHC was positive in the brain tissue of the newborn. ?, not known; +, positive; −, negative; I, inconclusive; NT, not tested; NA, not available; w, weeks; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.