Table 2.

Main placental histopathological findings from infants with and without congenital disorder at birth.

First trimester (n = 1)	Third trimester (n = 23)
Chronic villitis with TORCH-like features •Lymphohistiocytic chronic villous inflammation •Edema •Trophoblastic lesion •Increase in HCs •Increase in stromal lymphocytes •Histiocytes in the intervillous spaces	Without congenital disorder (n = 15) With Congenital Disorder (n = 8)	No pathological changes (n = 12) Delayed villous maturation with additional stromal changes* (n = 2) Mild acute funisitis (n = 1) No pathological changes (n = 3) Delayed villous maturation with additional stromal changes* (n = 4) Umbilical artery agenesis (n = 1)

HCs, Hofbauer cells.

^*Stromal changes:

•Persistence of the cytotrophoblastic layer

•Thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane

•Stromal fibrosis

•Increase in the number of fetal capillaries

•Edematous or sclerotic villi

•Coarse calcification foci

•Hyperplasia of HCs

•Moderate increases in intravillous and perivillous fibrinoid deposits.