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. 2018 Oct;188(10):2392–2405. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.020

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) increases retinal thickness. Rats were intravitreally injected with vehicle (0.1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline), VEGF (50 ng), TNF (10 ng), or a combination of VEGF/TNF (50/10 ng, respectively). Retinal thickness was assessed with spectral domain–optical coherence tomography after 24 hours. A: Representative annular scan images at 500 μm from the optic nerve head. B: Retinal thickness quantification from the annular scan as the change in retinal thickness 24 hours after injection relative to baseline scan, analyzed by analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. C: Example of VEGF/TNF injection leading to subretinal fluid accumulation and retinal detachment. Arrows indicate cystoid space formation observed near the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Data are expressed as means ± SEM (B). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001. IPL, inner plexiform layer; NFL, nerve fiber layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer.