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. 2018 Oct;188(10):2392–2405. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.020

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–induced retinal inflammation. Rats were intravitreally injected with vehicle (0.1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline) or VEGF/TNF (50/ng). A: Optical coherence tomography scan above the optic nerve head reveals increased hyperreflective foci in the vitreous 24 hours after VEGF/TNF coinjection. B: Immunostaining for isolectin B4 (green), NOS2 (red), and CD45 (far red) reveals leukocyte infiltration 24 hours after VEGF/TNF injection. Arrows indicate leukocytes in the vitreous space (VS). Arrowheads indicate infiltrated leukocytes in the retina and the blood vessels (BVs). C: Example of duplicate scatter grams at 24 hours after intravitreal injection of VEGF/TNF; retinal leukocytes were quantified by flow analysis and compared with controls. D: Quantification of flow cytometry of microglia, myeloid leukocytes, and lymphocytes, and analyzed by t-test. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. Original magnification, ×630 (B). GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; NFL, nerve fiber layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.