AmbC catalyzes a cryptic hydroxylation at C3 of AmbE-T1-bound Glu. A) Multistep reaction to modify the standalone T1 domain of AmbE, AmbE-T1. Ppant fragment formation is shown. B) Deconvoluted protein mass spectra for i) holo-AmbE-T1, ii) holo-AmbE-T1 loaded with Glu (Glu-T1), iii) AmbC hydroxylation product of Glu-T1. Expected and observed masses are shown for each species. C) Mass spectra of Ppant ejection fragments from assays containing l-Glu (top), 2,4,4-D3-l-Glu (middle) and 3,3-D2-l-Glu (bottom) as substrates.