Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and between-group analysis of participants
| Total (n = 266) | Normal (n = 192) | Presenile nuclear cataract (n = 74)d | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.12 ± 3.78 (N = 266) | 45.26 ± 3.65 (N = 192) | 44.76 ± 4.12 (N = 74) | 0.471a |
| Sex, male | 183/266 (68.8%) | 136/192 (72.18%) | 47/74 (63.51%) | 0.248b |
| Smoking status | 0.306b | |||
| Never | 116/245 (47.35%) | 86/174 (49.43%) | 30/71 (42.25%) | |
| Former (quit ≥1 year ago) | 50/245 (20.41%) | 37/174 (21.26%) | 13/71 (18.31%) | |
| Current | 79/245 (32.24%) | 51/174 (29.31%) | 28/71 (39.44%) | |
| Age at starting smoking (years) | 20.11 ± 3.99 (N = 131) | 20.45 ± 4.09 (N = 92) | 19.33 ± 3.69 (N = 39) | 0.210a |
| Smoking duration (years) | 21.30 ± 7.81 (N = 121) | 20.93 ± 7.88 (N = 85) | 22.17 ± 7.70 (N = 36) | 0.448a |
| Smoking cigarettes per day | 0.366a | |||
| ≤ 10 cigarettes | 38/126 (30.16%) | 29/88 (32.95%) | 9/38 (23.68%) | |
| 11–20 cigarettes | 48/126 (38.10%) | 34/88 (38.64%) | 14/38 (36.84%) | |
| 21–30 cigarettes | 33/126 (26.19%) | 22/88 (25.00%) | 11/38 (28.95%) | |
| ≥ 30 cigarettes | 7/126 (5.56%) | 3/88 (3.41%) | 4/38 (10.53%) | |
| Alcohol consumption status | 0.456b | |||
| Never | 53/261 (20.31%) | 36/188 (19.15%) | 17/73 (23.29%) | |
| Ever | 208/261 (79.69%) | 152/188 (80.85%) | 56/73 (76.71%) | |
| Alcohol consumption duration (years) | 23.07 ± 7.07 (N = 192) | 23.04 ± 7.20 (N = 141) | 23.14 ± 6.78 (N = 51) | 0.734a |
| Alcohol consumption frequency | 0.532c | |||
| ≤ 1 day/month | 24/205 (11.71%) | 16/149 (10.74%) | 8/56 (14.29%) | |
| 2–3 days/month | 63/205 (30.73%) | 46/149 (30.87%) | 17/56 (30.36%) | |
| 1–2 days/week | 63/205 (30.73%) | 49/149 (32.89%) | 14/56 (25.00%) | |
| 3–4 days/week | 41/205 (20.00%) | 29/149 (19.46%) | 12/56 (21.43%) | |
| 5–6 days/week | 9/205 (4.39%) | 7/149 (4.70%) | 2/56 (3.57%) | |
| Everyday | 5/205 (2.44%) | 2/149 (1.34%) | 3/56 (5.36%) | |
| Alcohol consumption amount (Units/time) | 0.940b | |||
| 1~ 2 | 56/203 (27.59%) | 39/147 (26.53%) | 17/56 (30.36%) | |
| 3~ 6 | 48/203 (23.65%) | 36/147 (24.49%) | 12/56 (21.43%) | |
| 7~ 13 | 76/203 (37.44%) | 55/147 (37.41%) | 21/56 (37.50%) | |
| ≥ 14 | 23/203 (11.33%) | 17/147 (11.56%) | 6/56 (10.71%) | |
| Physical exercise degree, n (%) | 0.558b | |||
| Almost absent | 26/253 (10.28%) | 20/182 (10.99%) | 6/71 (8.45%) | |
| Mild | 67/253 (26.48%) | 47/182 (25.82%) | 20/71 (28.17%) | |
| Moderate | 134/253 (52.96%) | 99/182 (54.40%) | 35/71 (49.30%) | |
| Vigorous | 26/253 (10.28%) | 16/182 (8.79%) | 10/71 (14.08%) | |
| Physical exercise frequency, n (%) | 0.324b | |||
| None | 27/245 (11.02%) | 18/178 (10.11%) | 9/67 (13.43%) | |
| 1–2 days/week | 99/245 (40.41%) | 75/178 (42.13%) | 24/67 (35.82%) | |
| 3–4 days/week | 79/245 (32.24%) | 60/178 (33.71%) | 19/67 (28.36%) | |
| ≥ 5 days/week | 40/245 (16.33%) | 25/178 (14.04%) | 15/67 (22.39%) | |
| Daily exercise duration, n (%) | 0.065b | |||
| Low amounts (1–40 min/day) | 105/247 (42.51%) | 83/178 (46.63%) | 22/69 (31.88%) | |
| None | 24/247 (9.72%) | 14/178 (7.87%) | 10/69 (14.49%) | |
| High amounts (≥41 min/day) | 118/247 (47.77%) | 81/178 (45.51%) | 37/69 (53.62%) | |
| Height (cm) | 169.66 ± 8.55 (N = 266) | 169.35 ± 8.39 (N = 192) | 170.45 ± 8.98 (N = 74) | 0.349a |
| Weight (kg) | 72.50 ± 16.27 (N = 266) | 72.34 ± 16.43 (N = 192) | 72.92 ± 15.96 (N = 74) | 0.793a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.98 ± 4.23 (N = 266) | 25.01 ± 4.29 (N = 192) | 24.90 ± 4.12 (N = 74) | 0.923a |
| WHR | 0.91 ± 0.07 (N = 266) | 0.91 ± 0.07 (N = 192) | 0.92 ± 0.08 (N = 74) | 0.586a |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 39/266 (14.66%) | 30/192 (15.63%) | 9/74 (12.16%) | 0.474b |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 16/266 (6.02%) | 14/192 (7.29%) | 2/74 (2.70%) | 0.249c |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 45/266 (16.92%) | 31/192 (16.15%) | 14/74 (18.92%) | 0.589b |
| Asthma, n (%) | 5/266 (1.88%) | 2/192 (1.04%) | 3/74 (4.05%) | 0.133b |
| Tuberculosis, n (%) | 11/266 (4.14%) | 5/192 (2.60%) | 6/74 (8.11%) | 0.078b |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 8/266 (3.01%) | 7/192 (3.65%) | 1/74 (1.35%) | 0.450c |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.58 ± 0.68 (N = 256) | 5.62 ± 0.77 (N = 183) | 5.48 ± 0.36 (N = 73) | 0.511a |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.89 ± 21.91 (N = 266) | 97.48 ± 24.71 (N = 192) | 91.74 ± 11.00 (N = 74) | 0.058a |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.09 ± 35.88 (N = 266) | 198.67 ± 35.65 (N = 192) | 192.99 ± 36.41 (N = 74) | 0.257a |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.65 ± 17.79 (N = 265) | 57.92 ± 15.41 (N = 191) | 60.53 ± 22.84 (N = 74) | 0.578a |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 125.69 ± 32.18 (N = 265) | 127.09 ± 31.64 (N = 191) | 122.07 ± 33.49 (N = 74) | 0.312a |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 126.50 ± 127.86 (N = 265) | 133.31 ± 143.60 (N = 191) | 108.92 ± 70.87 (N = 74) | 0.097a |
| WBC (/mm3) | 5763.8 ± 1761.3 (N = 266) | 5906.8 ± 1872.3 (N = 192) | 5392.7 ± 1377.2 (N = 74) | 0.074a |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.20 ± 0.51 (N = 247) | 0.18 ± 0.41 (N = 177) | 0.24 ± 0.72 (N = 70) | 0.235a |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 141.66 ± 1.83 (N = 245) | 141.63 ± 1.87 (N = 176) | 141.74 ± 1.75 (N = 69) | 0.734a |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.24 ± 0.31 (N = 245) | 4.24 ± 0.33 (N = 176) | 4.23 ± 0.26 (N = 69) | 0.966a |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.73 ± 1.79 (N = 266) | 14.78 ± 1.75 (N = 192) | 14.60 ± 1.91 (N = 74) | 0.476a |
| TIBC (μg/dL) | 324.66 ± 44.73 (N = 245) | 321.31 ± 44.96 (N = 176) | 333.20 ± 43.28 (N = 69) | 0.040a |
| HBV seropositive, n (%) | 11/266 (4.14%) | 6/192 (3.13%) | 5/74 (6.76%) | 0.186a |
| HCV seropositive, n (%) | 3/266 (1.13%) | 2/192 (1.04%) | 1/74 (1.35%) | 1.000a |
| Medication history of aspirin | 17/266 (6.39%) | 13/192 (6.77%) | 4/74 (5.41%) | 0.787b |
| Medication history of statin | 20/266 (7.52%) | 17/192 (8.85%) | 3/74 (4.05%) | 0.183b |
| Medication history of nutritional supplements | 39/266 (14.66%) | 30/192 (15.63%) | 9/74 (12.16%) | 0.474b |
aWilcoxon rank sum test, bChi-squared test, cFisher’s exact test
dIf at least one eye was diagnosed as presenile nuclear cataract, it was considered a presenile nuclear cataract patient
Examples of physical exercise degree: almost absent (walking for less than 10 min), mild (walking, golf, housework), moderate (bicycle, fast walking, tennis, swimming, hiking), vigorous (aerobics, jogging, soccer)
Alcohol consumption units: 10 g of alcohol
BMI body mass index, WHR waist-hip ratio, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, CRP C-reactive protein, TIBC total iron binding capacity, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus
Values are either absolute values or mean ± standard deviation values