Table 3.
Characteristics of selected studies
| Study | Year | Study Type | Data Source | Location | Size | Age | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matuk LC [21] | 1996 | Qualitative | Focus group questionnaire, telephone interviews, mail surveys, home visits | Windsor, Ontario, Canada | 186 | Mean 23.6 | Newcomer women from the Eastern world, Central and South America, Eastern Europe, and Africa |
| Woloshin et al. [41] | 1997 | Quantitative (cross-sectional study) | In-person interview and survey questionnaire | Ontario, Canada | 22,448 | 18–74 | Mixed Canadian, Western European, Eastern European, Asian, Native American women |
| Fitch et al. [32] | 1998 | Qualitative | Focus group interview | Canada | 110 | N/A | Sri Lanka, West Indies |
| Bottorff et al. [33] | 2001 | Qualitative | Open-ended interview | Canada | 35 | N/A | Asian, South Asian women |
| Gupta et al. [18] | 2002 | Quantitative | Survey questionnaire | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 124 | 18–60 | South Asian women |
| Jackson et al. [26] | 2002 | Qualitative | Unstructured interview, focus group interview | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Seattle, Washington, US | 87 | 29–72 | Chinese women |
| Hyman et al. [30] | 2002 | Qualitative and quantitative | Mail-back questionnaires | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 64 | 29–71 | Physician, 40.6% female |
| Hyman et al. [29] | 2003 | Qualitative and quantitative | Mail-back questionnaires | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 112 | 25–72 | Physicians born in Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, and Canada; 25.7% female |
| Hislop et al. [19] | 2003 | Qualitative and quantitative (cross-sectional study) | Focus group interview using survey questionnaire | Vancouver, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada | 512 | 20–79 | Chinese women |
| Hislop et al. [20] | 2004 | Qualitative and quantitative | In-person interviews, focus group, survey questionnaire | British Columbia, Canada | 528 | 20–79 | Chinese women |
| Steven et al. [37] | 2004 | Qualitative and quantitative | Face-to-face interview | Northwestern Ontario, Canada | 105 | ≥40 | Italian, Ukrainians, Finnish, Ojibwa, Oji-Cree women |
| Donnelly TT [34] | 2006 | Qualitative | In-depth ethnographic interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire | A western Canadian metropolitan city | 15 + 6 | 49–78 | Vietnamese women, 4 male physicians, and 2 female community health nurses |
| Oelke et al. [31] | 2007 | Qualitative | In-depth interviews focus groups | Canada | 53 | N/A | Sikh women |
| McDonald et al. [11] | 2007 | Quantitative (cross-sectional study) | Survey (NPHS and CCHS) | New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada | 105,062 | 21–65 | White, Black, Hispanic, Arab/West Asian, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino women |
| Lofters et al. [10] | 2007 | Quantitative (retrospective cohort) | RPDB and administrative data analysis (billing code) | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 724,584 | 18–66 | N/A |
| Donnelly TT [28] | 2008 | Qualitative | In-depth ethnographic interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire | A western Canadian metropolitan city | 6 | N/A | 4 male physicians and 2 female community health nurses |
| Donnelly et al. [24] | 2009 | Qualitative | In-depth ethnographic interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire | A western Canadian metropolitan city | 15 + 6 | N/A | Vietnamese women, 4 male physicians, and 2 female community health nurses |
| Amankwah et al. [17] | 2009 | Quantitative (cross-sectional study) | CCHS using questionnaire and interview | All Canadian provinces and territories | 76,214 | 18–65 | Chinese, South Asian, Filipino, Other Asian, Black, Latin American, Caucasian, Aboriginals |
| Woo et al. [38] | 2009 | Quantitative | Questionnaire | Canada | 584 | 18–60+ | Chinese and Euro-Canadian women |
| Xiong et al. [39] | 2010 | Quantitative (cross-sectional study) | CCHS | Canada | 64,604 | 18–60+ | Asian immigrant (Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Chinese), South Asian (East Indian, Pakistani) |
| Lofters et al. [23] | 2010 | Quantitative | Administrative data | Ontario, Canada | 2,273,995 | 25–69 | N/A |
| Lofters et al. [16] | 2011 | Quantitative (cohort) | Administrative data analysis (billing code) | Ontario’s CMA (Census Metropolitan Area), Canada | 455,864 | N/A | Women from East Asia and Pacific, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, Sub Saharan Africa, USA, Australia and New Zealand, Western Europe |
| Redwood-Campbell et al. [36] | 2011 | Qualitative | Focus group interview | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada | 77 | 35–69 | Arabs, Chinese, Afghan, Other Asian, Somalian, Spanish women |
| Black et al. [35] | 2011 | Qualitative | Focus group interview | New Westminster, Surrey, Burnaby, Coquitlam, Victoria, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | 80 | 20–29 | Qualitative |
| Chang et al. [40] | 2013 | Qualitative | Focus group interview | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | 13 | Mean 53 | Chinese women |
| Schoueri N [22] | 2013 | Qualitative and quantitative | Survey (CCHS) | Ontario, Canada | 2904 | 18–69 | N/A |
| Lobb et al. [15] | 2013 | Qualitative and quantitative | Concept mapping by brainstorming session | Brampton and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada | 53 | 53 | Potential decision makers, program implementers, and program participants |
| Vahabi et al. [27] | 2016 | Qualitative | Questionnaire, focus group interviews | Ontario, Canada | 30 | 21–69 | West Asia (Iran) and South Asia (Pakistan and India) |
CCHS Canadian Community Health Survey, NPHS National Population Health Survey, RPDB Registered Persons Database