Table 1.
Baseline descriptive statistics of participants with sleep difficulty at follow-up (mean ± SD, n = 511).
| Variable | % | Sleep difficulty at follow-up | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 0.990 | ||
| 65–74 | 60.8 | 1.45 ± 3.06 | |
| 75+ | 39.2 | 1.47 ± 2.86 | |
| Sex | 0.008 | ||
| Female | 46.0 | 1.81 ± 3.38 | |
| Male | 54.0 | 1.14 ± 2.55 | |
| Education | 0.086 | ||
| Schooling ≤ 9 years | 75.7 | 1.53 ± 3.01 | |
| Schooling > 9 years | 24.3 | 1.19 ± 2.88 | |
| Marital status | 0.845 | ||
| Married or cohabiting | 74.2 | 1.42 ± 2.98 | |
| Others | 25.8 | 1.52 ± 2.98 | |
| Living arrangement | 0.776 | ||
| Living with others | 85.9 | 1.44 ± 2.97 | |
| Alone | 14.1 | 1.53 ± 3.04 | |
| Smoking | 0.739 | ||
| No | 90.8 | 1.45 ± 2.94 | |
| Yes | 9.2 | 1.49 ± 3.37 | |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.763 | ||
| No | 74.9 | 1.31 ± 2.63 | |
| Yes | 25.1 | 1.89 ± 3.82 | |
| Exercise (excluding walking) | 0.002 | ||
| No | 33.5 | 2.08 ± 3.57 | |
| Yes | 66.5 | 1.14 ± 2.58 | |
| Mental health | 0.583 | ||
| Good | 84.1 | 1.46 ± 3.00 | |
| Poor | 15.9 | 1.43 ± 2.87 | |
| Charlson Index | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 24.5 | 0.65 ± 2.14 | |
| 1 | 36.6 | 1.36 ± 2.73 | |
| 2+ | 38.9 | 2.04 ± 3.49 | |
| Walking volume/(MET-h/week)a | 0.052 | ||
| Low (≤4.5) | 36.7 | 1.77 ± 3.16 | |
| Moderate (4.6–10.5) | 31.0 | 1.39 ± 2.88 | |
| High (>10.5) | 32.3 | 1.16 ± 2.85 | |
| Walking components | |||
| Frequency (day/week) | 0.049 | ||
| Low (≤3) | 34.5 | 1.66 ± 3.16 | |
| Moderate (4–6) | 16.8 | 1.87 ± 3.35 | |
| High (7) | 48.7 | 1.16 ± 2.68 | |
| Duration (min) | 0.180 | ||
| Low (≤20) | 33.7 | 1.67 ± 3.05 | |
| Moderate (21–40) | 34.5 | 1.44 ± 2.93 | |
| High (>40) | 31.8 | 1.24 ± 2.97 | |
| Speed (MET) | 0.036 | ||
| Low (≤2.5) | 42.2 | 1.88 ± 3.34 | |
| Moderate (2.6–3.5) | 47.6 | 1.12 ± 2.56 | |
| High (>3.5) | 10.2 | 1.23 ± 3.07 |
Abbreviation: MET = metabolic equivalent value.
a
The total walking volume in MET-h/week = walking frequency × duration × speed.