Table 1.
Participant characteristics (mean ± SD).
| Total (n = 23) | Male (n = 13) | Female (n = 10) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 22.0 ± 2.2 | 21.6 ± 0.8 | 22.5 ± 3.3 |
| Height (cm) | 166.5 ± 9.0 | 171.8 ± 8.0 | 159.6 ± 4.3 |
| Weight (kg) | 58.2 ± 8.2 | 62.4 ± 7.4 | 52.7 ± 5.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.0 ± 2.3 | 21.2 ± 2.5 | 20.7 ± 2.0 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Step number (steps/day) | 7937.9 ± 1961.3 | 7789.8 ± 2107.1 | 8130.4 ± 1846.8 |
| Exercise amount (kcal/day) | 203.5 ± 58.2 | 213.1 ± 61.6 | 191.1 ± 54.0 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 369.5 ± 59.4 | 383.3 ± 54.4 | 351.6 ± 63.7 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 96.6 ± 2.7 | 96.9 ± 2.7 | 96.3 ± 2.9 |
| Bedtime | 01:25 ± 00:53 | 01:19 ± 00:51 | 01:33 ± 00:56 |
| Wake-up time | 07:50 ± 00:58 | 07:55 ± 01:00 | 07:43 ± 00:57 |
| PSQI | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 1.8 |
| ESS | 7.9 ± 3.6 | 6.9 ± 3.5 | 9.1 ± 3.6 |
| Education (year) | 15.6 ± 1.4 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 15.9 ± 2.0 |
| Cognitive function tests | |||
| Trail Making Test | |||
| Total score, Part A (s) | 22.4 ± 6.6 | 23.5 ± 7.1 | 20.9 ± 5.7 |
| Total score, Part B (s) | 47.5 ± 10.5 | 48.0 ± 12.4 | 46.7 ± 7.5 |
| N-back task | |||
| 0-back task | |||
| % corrects | 98.6 ± 3.4 | 97.8 ± 4.3 | 99.6 ± 1.1 |
| Reaction time (s) | 513.1 ± 88.9 | 506.2 ± 110.2 | 522.1 ± 54.5 |
| 1-back task | |||
| % corrects | 96.3 ± 6.4 | 96.0 ± 7.1 | 96.8 ± 5.7 |
| Reaction time (s) | 437.6 ± 200.3 | 408.8 ± 183.3 | 475.1 ± 224.7 |
| 2-back task | |||
| % corrects | 91.3 ± 14.4 | 96.1 ± 6.1 | 85.0 ± 19.5 |
| Reaction time (s) | 480.6 ± 255.1 | 440.2 ± 212.5 | 533.3 ± 305.6 |
| WCST | |||
| Category achievement | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4 |
| Total errors | 9.6 ± 2.7 | 9.3 ± 3.3 | 9.9 ± 1.7 |
| CPT-IP | |||
| % corrects | 87.4 ± 12.4 | 86.7 ± 13.2 | 88.3 ± 11.9 |
| Signal detection index (d prime) | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.7 |
| NIRS | |||
| Peak OxyHb (mmol/L) | 0.035 ± 0.023 | 0.042 ± 0.024 | 0.026 ± 0.018 |
| Time to the peak OxyHb (s) | 37.2 ± 17.3 | 39.0 ± 15.7 | 34.9 ± 19.9 |
| Area under the NIRS curve | 17.3 ± 20.5 | 21.5 ± 23.8 | 12.8 ± 15.0 |
| Reaction time (s) | 44.7 ± 17.5 | 48.8 ± 14.9 | 39.5 ± 20.0 |
| Number of words generated (words) | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 13.2 ± 4.7 | 14.5 ± 5.5 |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CPT-IP = Continuous Performance Test–Identical Pairs; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; NIRS = near-infrared spectroscopy; OxyHb = oxyhemoglobin; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.