Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to baseline diagnosis
| n | Control, n = 302 | AD, n = 356 | FTD, n = 87 | VaD, n = 38 | DLB, n = 61 | Group-wise comparisons when significant | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 844 | 168 (56) | 201 (56) | 39 (45) | 14 (37) | 9 (15) | Controls, AD < FTD, VaD < DLB |
| Age, in years | 844 | 63 ± 9 | 68 ± 8 | 63 ± 7 | 72 ± 8 | 69 ± 8 | Controls, FTD < AD, DLB, VaD |
| Cognitive tests | |||||||
| MMSE | 840 | 29 ± 1 | 22 ± 4 | 24 ± 5 | 24 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | Controls > FTD, VaD, DLB > AD |
| Memory, learning | 803 | 44 ± 10 | 23 ± 9 | 27 ± 8 | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 9 | Controls > FTD > AD, VaD, DLB |
| Memory, recall | 803 | 9 ± 3 | 2 ± 2 | 4 ± 3 | 3 ± 3 | 4 ± 3 | Controls > FTD, VaD, DLB > AD |
| TMT-A, in seconds | 843 | 38 ± 17 | 93 ± 76 | 70 ± 58 | 112 ± 82 | 115 ± 81 | Controls < FTD < AD, VaD, DLB |
| TMT-B, in seconds | 829 | 86 ± 42 | 228 ± 84 | 188 ± 93 | 254 ± 69 | 261 ± 73 | Controls < FTD < AD, VaD, DLB |
| Animal fluency | 815 | 24 ± 7 | 13 ± 5 | 12 ± 7 | 11 ± 4 | 13 ± 5 | Controls > AD, FTD, VaD, DLB |
| CSF | |||||||
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 596 | 922 ± 274 | 530 ± 167 | 918 ± 252 | 727 ± 264 | 741 ± 264 | Controls, FTD > VaD, DLB > AD |
| Total tau, pg/mL | 582 | 307 ± 178 | 690 ± 407 | 330 ± 126 | 314 ± 162 | 344 ± 222 | Controls, FTD, VaD, DLB < AD |
| p-tau, pg/mL | 592 | 50 ± 21 | 85 ± 39 | 44 ± 18 | 44 ± 18 | 51 ± 28 | Controls, FTD, VaD, DLB < AD |
| MRI | |||||||
| Hippocampus, mL | 844 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | Controls > DLB > AD, FTD, DLB |
| Lateral ventricle, mL | 844 | 29 ± 15 | 49 ± 20 | 46 ± 20 | 61 ± 28 | 43 ± 15 | Controls < AD, FTD, DLB < VaD |
| Inferior lateral ventricle, mL | 844 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | .2.0 ± 0.9 | Controls < DLB < AD, FTD, VaD |
| Cortex, mL | 844 | 510 ± 34 | 462 ± 29 | 462 ± 35 | 453 ± 29 | 471 ± 22 | Controls > AD, FTD, DLB > VaD |
| Frontal cortex, mL | 844 | 201 ± 15 | 185 ± 13 | 179 ± 19 | 177 ± 14 | 189 ± 10 | Controls > AD, DLB > FTD, VaD |
| Temporal cortex, mL | 844 | 125 ± 9 | 109 ± 10 | 105 ± 15 | 114 ± 10 | 115 ± 7 | Controls > VaD, DLB > AD, FTD |
| Medial temporal cortex, mL | 844 | 20 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 3 | 18 ± 3 | 18 ± 2 | Controls > VaD, DLB > AD, FTD |
| Parietal cortex, mL | 844 | 111 ± 9 | 99 ± 8 | 106 ± 9 | 97 ± 7 | 101 ± 6 | Controls > FTD > AD, VaD, DLB |
| Occipital cortex, mL | 844 | 74 ± 7 | 68 ± 7 | 72 ± 7 | 66 ± 8 | 67 ± 6 | Controls, FTD > AD, VaD, DLB |
| Anterior versus posterior index | 844 | -0.3 ± 0.8 | -0.0 ± 1.1 | -2.1 ± 1.7 | -0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.8 | Controls, AD, VaD, DLB > FTD |
| WMH, mL | 844 | 2.8 ± 4.7 | 6.1 ± 9.2 | 3.8 ± 8.7 | 34.9 ± 26.7 | 4.4 ± 6.0 | Controls < AD, FTD, DLB < VaD |
| Cortical infarcts, mL | 844 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 2.1 | 0.3 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 6.8 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | Controls, AD, FTD, DLB < VaD |
| Lacunar infarcts, mL | 844 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | Controls, AD, FTD, DLB < VaD |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; VAD, vascular dementia; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; MMSE, Mini–Mental State Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; Aβ42, β amyloid 1–42; p-tau, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease.
NOTE. Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise specified. Group differences were calculated using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni for continuous variables. For categorical variables, χ-square test was used. P < .05 = significant.
NOTE. Memory: RAVLT values, using z-scoring for those with only CERAD. MRI: volumes are defined from image segmentations produced by a multi-atlas segmentation algorithm, and we report the sum of left and right, in mL.
NOTE. Voxel- and tensor-based morphometry features are computed separately for each disease pairs and reported in Appendix; also ROI-based grading consists of eight features, so reported in the Supplementary Appendix. MRI volumes are adjusted for head size.