Table 1.

Six Models of the Relation Between Subjective Impressions of Valence and Arousal

Model	Description
Bipolar	Valence and arousal are independent, but higher levels of positivity mean lower levels of negativity and vice versa.
Bivariate	Positivity and negativity are independent, but higher levels of positivity or negativity mean higher levels of arousal.
Independence	Valence and arousal are independent dimensions.
Positive linear	Arousal increases linearly as valence moves from high negativity through neutrality to high positivity.
Negative linear	Arousal decreases linearly as valence moves from high negativity through neutrality to high positivity.
V shaped	Arousal increases linearly as negativity increases from a neutral point, and it also increases linearly as positivity increases from a neutral point.