Box 1. The four domains of work in normalisation process theory.

Normalisation process theory predicts that for any new way of working to become fully embedded into everyday practice needs continuous work in four areas (domains) of activity:11
Domain	Description of work involved
Sense making	The new intervention must make sense to the people responsible for implementing it, including that they recognise it as a distinct and different way of working.
Engagement	People must choose to engage with the new way of working, including those who lead or pioneer the introduction, along with the majority choosing to join.
Action	People need the resources to implement the new way of working, whether that be skills, time, or other.
Monitoring	People must get feedback on the new approach; feedback which encourages them to keep going.