Figure 1. Energy fluxes and their relation to ecosystem services across ecosystems.

Arrows denote the directional flux of energy among functional feeding guilds, indicating how these fluxes permeate ecosystem boundaries (such as terrestrial above and below ground, freshwater, and marine systems as shown here). All energy fluxes in ecosystems are analogous to respective ecosystem functions, many of which can be directly translated to services that are beneficial to human wellbeing, as indicated by numbered examples. Soil cross-section image courtesy of Julia Siebert.