Accumulating OS by different treatments. (A) K-M curve analysis of OS in total R/R AML patients. Salvage chemotherapy regimens achieved a median OS of 8.0 (95% CI 6.6–9.4) months with 1-year OS rate of 29.9% ± 3.9% and 3-year OS of 11.1% ± 3.6%. (B) K-M analysis of OS by different treatments. The CLAG-based regimen achieved median OS of 10.0 (95% CI 3.4–16.6) months, and the FLAG-, CAG/DAG-, MEA-, IA/DA/MA-, and HAA/HAD-based regimens achieved 9.0 (95% CI 6.6–11.4) months, 7.0 (95% CI 2.8–11.2) months, 5.0 (95% CI 2.3–7.7) months, 5.0 (95% CI 0.0–11.8) months, and 8.0 (95% CI 6.6–9.4) months, respectively. No difference of OS among salvage chemotherapy regimens was found (P = .230). Comparison among groups was performed with log-rank test. P < .05 was considered significant. AML = acute myeloid leukemia, CAG/DAG = cytarabine and G-CSF in addition to aclarubicin or daunorubicin, CI = confidence interval, CLAG = cytarabine, G-CSF, and cladribine, FLAG = fludarabine, G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, HAA/HAD = homoharringtonine, cytarabine, and aclarubicin or daunorubicin, IA/DA/MA = cytarabine, idarubicin, daunorubicin, or mitoxantrone, K-M = Kaplan–Meier, MEA = cytarabine, etoposide, and mitoxantrone, OS = overall survival, R/R AML = relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.