Table 1. Effect of probiotics in preclinical studies of AD in mice.

References	Probiotics strain/s	Animal model used	Observations	Clinical/Histopa-thological scores
Lim et al.27	Weissella cibaria WIKIM28	DNCB induced AD in BALB/c mice	Reduced Th2 cytokines, generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells and increased IL-10 levels in mLN	Improved
Choi et al.59	Heat killed Lactobacillus brevis NS1401	House dust mice induced AD in Nc/NgA mice	Reduced serum IgE, eosinophil & mast cell infiltration, allergen specific IgG1 and Th1/Th2 cytokines	Improved
Shin et al.60	Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5, Lactobacillus plantarum CBT LP3, Bifidobacterium bifidum CBT BF3, Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3, Lactococcus lactis CBT SL6, Streptococcus thermophilus CBT ST3	DNCB induced AD in Nc/NgA mice	Generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in mLN, low serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-5, high Th1 IFN-γ, IL12p40	Improved
Kim et al.61	Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis	DNCB induced AD in Nc/NgA mice	Low serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-5, high Th1 cytokines IFN-γ, IL12p40	Improved
Weise et al.62	Escherichia coli Nissle1917	Allergen induced AD in BALB/c mice	Increased IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β and proportion of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells	Improved
Won et al.28	L. plantarum CJLP133	House dust mice induced AD in Nc/NgA mice	Reduced cell infiltration and Th2 cytokines	Improved
			Activation of Tregs
Kwon et al.22	IRT5 probiotic mixture: L. acidophilus, L. casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, B. bifidum, S. thermophilus	HDM/DNCB induced AD in BALB/c mice	Generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs	Prophylactic & therapeutic effect
			Migration of Tregs to the inflamed region	Suppression of ongoing AD progression
			Reduction of serum (total and allergen specific) IgE level, cellular infiltration and Th2 cytokines

AD, atopic dermatitis; DNCB, dinitrochlorobenzene; Th2, type 2 helper T cell; IL, interleukin; mLN, mesenteric lymph node; IgE, immunoglobulin E; Th1, type 1 helper T cell; IFN, interferon.