Table 4.

Characteristic summary of the reviewed breast cancer risk models

Author/model	Study design	Participants	Ethnicity	Outcome	Statistical method	Effect estimates	Sample size	Risk factors considered in the models	Age target	Stratification
Gail [37]	Case–control	White American females from the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP)	American–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer + in situ carcinoma	unconditional logistic regression	Relative risk	2,852 cases 3,146 controls	Age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of previous biopsies, and number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer	Any age	None
Rosner [42]	Cohort	Registered nurses	American–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Poisson regression	Cumulative incidence	2,341 cases, 91,523 controls	Age, age at all births, menopause age, menarche age	30–55 years	Number of births
Rosner [25]	Cohort	Registered nurses	American–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Poisson regression	Relative risk	2,249 cases, 89,132 controls	Menarche age, first live birth age, subsequent births age, menopause age	Any age	None
Colditz [50]	Cohort	General women	American–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Poisson regression	Cumulative incidence	1,761cases 56,759 controls	Benign breast disease, use of HRT, weight, height, menopausal type, and alcohol intake	Women aged 30–55 years	None
Ueda [38]	Case–control	General women	Japanese–Asian	Invasive breast cancer	Conditional logistic regression	Relative risk	376 cases 430 controls	Menarche, first birth age, family history, and BMI in post-menopausal women	Any age	Menopausal status
Boyle [39]	Case–control	General women	Italian–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Conditional logistic regression	Absolute + relative risk	2,569 cases 2,588 controls	Menarche age, first birth age, alcohol intake, family history, age of diagnosis in relatives, and one of the two diet scores. BMI and HRT were included only for women older > 50	23–74 years (cases) 20–74 years (controls)	Age (< 50 and > 50)
Lee [36]	Case–control	1-General women 2-Well educated (nurse/teacher)	Korean–Asian	Invasive breast cancer	Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit	Probability	384 cases 270 controls	With hospitalized controls: family history, menstrual regularity, total menstrual duration, first full-term pregnancy age, breastfeeding duration while with nurse/teacher controls: age, menstrual regularity, drinking status, smoking status	Age at least 20 years	None
Novotny [24]	Case–control	General women	Czeck females–Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Unconditional Logistic regression	Relative risk	4,598 matched pairs	Age at birth of first child, family history of breast cancer, No. of previous breast biopsy, menarche age, parity, history of benign breast disease	Age matched	None
Gail [32]	Case–control	General women	African American	Invasive breast cancer	Conditional logistic regression	Absolute + relative risk	1,607cases 1,647 controls	Menarche age, No. of affected mother or sisters, No. of benign biopsy	35–64 years	Age (< 50 and > 50)
Matsuno [51]	Case–control	General women	Asian and Pacific Islander American	Invasive breast cancer	Conditional logistic regression	Absolute + relative + attributable risks	589 cases 952 controls	Menarche age, age at first live birth, No. of biopsies, family history, ethnicity	Any age	Ethnicity
Banegas [40]	Longitudinal study	General women	Hispanic	Invasive breast cancer	Cox proportional hazards regression	Relative risk	6,353 cases 128,976 controls	Age, age at first live birth, menarche age, No. of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, No. of breast biopsies	Post-menopausal participants aged ≥ 50	None
Pfeiffer [31]	Prospective study	White over 50 years old	White and non-Hispanic Caucasian	Invasive breast cancer	Cox proportional hazards regression	Relative and attributable risks	7,695 cases 240,712 controls	BMI, oestrogen and progestin MHT use, other MHT use, parity, age at first birth, pre-menopausal, age at menopause, benign breast diseases, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and alcohol consumption	50 and above	None
Park [23]	Case–control	General women	Korean–Asian	Invasive breast cancer	Unconditional Logistic regression	Absolute risk	3,789 cases 3,789 controls	Family history, menarche age, menopausal status, menopause age, pregnancy, first full-term pregnancy age, No. of pregnancies, breastfeeding duration, OC usage, HRT, exercise, BMI, smoking, drinking, No. of breast examinations	Any age	Age (< 50 and > 50)
Lee [33]	Case–control	General women	Asian	Invasive breast cancer	Conditional logistic regression		2,291 cases and 2,283 controls	First full-term pregnancy age, children No., menarche age, BMI, family history, menopausal status, regular mammography, exercises, oestrogen exposure duration, gestation period, menopause age	Any age	Age (< 50 and > 50)