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Reductions of E. coli O157:H7 (a), S. Typhimurium (b), and L. monocytogenes (c) cells on selective media (E. coli O157:H7, SMAC agar; S. Typhimurium, XLD agar; L. monocytogenes, OAB agar) after treatment with continuous or pulsed UVC-LED irradiation, with frequencies varying from 20 to 1,000 Hz. Pulsed irradiation was generated using an optical chopper, and the duty ratio was altered with an adjustable chopper blade.
