Table 2. Summary of IRAC Group 4 nAChR competitive modulators and target-site interaction.

Insecticide	Synthetic chemical class	First marketed	IRAC Group 4 sub-groupa)	Altered efficacy on R81T FRC Myzus persicae	Evidence for a unique highest-affinity binding site different to that of IMI	Activity on Y151S Nlα/ratβ2 heteromers
Imidacloprid	Chloropyridyl	1991	A	Yes	—	No
Clothianidin	Chlorothiazolyl	2001	A	Yes	No	No
Thiamethoxam	Chlorothiazolyl	1998	A	Yes	Yes	No
Dinotefuran	Furanicotinyl	2002	A	Yes	Yes	Yes
Acetamiprid	Cyanoamidine chloropyridyl	1995	A	Yes	No	No
Thiacloprid	Cyanoamidine chloropyridyl	2000	A	Yes	No	No
Nitenpyram	Nitroenamine chloropyridyl	1995	A	Yes	No	No
Sulfoxaflor	Sulfoximine	2013	C	Yes	No	?
Flupyradifurone	Butenolide	2014	D	Yes	No	?
Triflumezopyrim	Mesoionic	2016	E	Yes	No	?

^a) Mode of action classification in IRAC takes into account not only the biochemical target-site interaction (which defines the Group) but also chemical class and activity on pest insects with non-target site based resistance to existing commercialised compounds within the particular MoA Group at the time of classification request.