Table 1.
Studies designed to investigate the efficacy of CBT on psychiatric disturbances in PD patients
| Reference | Primary Aim | Patients (n) | Intervention | Main Outcome Measures | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dobkin et al.22 | Efficacy of CBT in PD patients with depression | 41 CBT, 39 controls | 10 weekly individual sessions of CBT vs. clinical monitoring alone | HAM‐D, HAM‐A, BDI | Significant improvement in depression, anxiety, quality of life, coping, and motor decline in CBT group |
| Farabaugh et al.23 | Efficacy of CBT on depression in PD | 8 | 12 weekly individual sessions of CBT | HAM‐D | Significant improvement in depression; remission in 57% of participants |
| Dobkin et al.24 | Efficacy of CBT on depression in PD | 15 | 14 weekly sessions of CBT; 3–4 additional psychoeducational sessions for caregivers | HAM‐D, BDI, STAI | Improvement in depressive symptoms and negative cognitions; increased perception of social support |
| Dobkin et al.25 | Efficacy of CBT on depression in PD | 3 | 12–14 sessions of cognitive‐behavioral intervention; 3–4 separate caregiver psychoeducational sessions | HAM‐D, STAI, BDI, IQ, AIFQ | Significant improvement in depressive symptoms |
| Feeney et al.26 | Efficacy of CBT on anxiety and depression in PD | 4 | 8 weekly group sessions of CBT | BDI‐II, STAI‐S | Significant improvement in depression; no significant improvement in anxiety |
| Cole and Vaughan27 | Efficacy of home‐based CBT on depression in PD | 5 | 7 weekly brief home‐based sessions of CBT | GDS‐15, BDI‐II, PDQL | Four individuals demonstrated a clinically reliable reduction in symptoms according to the GDS scores. |
| Troeung et al.28 | Efficacy of a group CBT for depression and anxiety in PD patients | 18 | 8‐week group CBT treatment or waitlist (8‐week clinical monitoring preceding treatment) | DASS‐21 at Time 1 (pretreatment), Time 2 (post‐treatment/postwaitlist) and 1‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups | Participants who received CBT reported greater reductions in depression and anxiety than waitlist participants. Improvement was maintained at follow‐up period. |
| Berardelli et al.29 | Efficacy of a group CBT for depression and anxiety in PD patients | 7 | 12‐week group CBT treatment | CGI, HAM‐D, HAM‐A, BPRS | Significant improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms |
| Dobkin et al.30 | Telephone‐based CBT on depression in PD patients | 21 | 10 weekly sessions with behavioral activation; 4 separate caregivers administered educational sessions. | HAM‐D 17, caregiver burden, sleep | Improvement in depressive symptoms |
| Veazey et al.31 | Efficacy of telephone‐based CBT on depression and anxiety in PD patients | 5 | 8 weekly telephone‐based sessions of CBT vs. 8 weekly telephone calls of support therapy | PHQ‐9, BAI, PDQ‐39 | Improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms |
| Okai et al.32 | Efficacy of CBT in PD patients with impulse control behaviors | 28 | 12 weekly individual sessions of CBT vs. standard medical care | CGI, NPI, ICBSS, BAI, BDI | Significant improvement in ICD severity, depression, and anxiety in CBT group |
| Yang and Petrini33 | Efficacy of CBT on sleep disorders in PD patients | 22 | 4 weekly sessions of CBT | PDSS, sleep diary | Significant improvement in total wake time, sleep efficiency, and PDSS score in CBT group |
| Rios Romenets et al.34 | Efficacy of CBT with bright‐light therapy or doxepin (10 mg daily) for insomnia in PD patients | 18 patients were randomized, 6 to each group. | 12‐week sessions of CBT | ISI, PSQI, PDQ‐39, FSS, MoCA, CGI | Compared to placebo, doxepin and CBT improved ISI, PSQI, and FSS. In CBT, group was observed with a decline in PDQ‐39. |
ICBSS, Impulse Control Behavior Symptom Scale; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PDSS, Parkinson's disease sleep scale; HAM‐A, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire; STAI, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory; IQ, Inference Questionnaire; AIFQ, Adaptive Inferential Feedback Questionnaire; STAI‐S, Subscale of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI‐II, Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition; GDS‐15, Geriatric Depression Scale; PDQL, Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index‐sleep disturbances subscale; FSS, the fatigue severity scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; DASS‐21, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale‐21; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.