Figure 2.

Tafa-2^−/− mice exhibited significant impairment in spatial learning and memory, as well as short- and long-term memory (A–D) Morris water maze test. (A) The latency time during training period (learning curves) (two-way ANOVA: interaction F (4) = 2.42, P = 0.0534, genotype F (1) = 52.38, P < 0.0001, training days F (4) = 15.98, P < 0.0001, Bonferroni post-tests: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n = 12 for wt, n = 11 for Tafa-2^−/−). (B) Time distribution in the four quadrants during the test period (Chi-square test: P = 0.05). (C) Number of times crossing the original platform position during the test period (Student’s t test: **P < 0.01). (D) Representative swimming paths during the test period. TQ, target quadrant. (E,F) Novel object recognition test. (E) Exploratory preference index during the sample phase and the choice Phase 1 h after the sample phase was determined as a measure of short-term recognition memory (Student’s t test: ***P < 0.001, n = 10 for wt, n = 12 for Tafa-2^−/−). (F) Exploratory preference index during the sample phase and the choice Phase 24 h after the sample phase was determined as a measure of long-term recognition memory (Student’s t test: ***P < 0.001, n = 9 for wt, n = 11 for Tafa-2^−/−).