Table 4.
Estimates and standard errors for three multilevel proportional odds models. Dependent variable: satisfaction with the services and the assistance received at delivery
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed part | Coeff. | SE | P-value | Coeff. | SE | P-value | Coeff. | SE | P-value |
| Thresholds | |||||||||
| First | −4.284 | 0.153 | <0.001 | −2.741 | 0.234 | <0.001 | −1.583 | 1.477 | 0.28 |
| Second | −3.052 | 0.116 | <0.001 | −0.820 | 0.228 | <0.001 | 0.338 | 1.475 | 0.82 |
| Third | −1.630 | 0.101 | <0.001 | 1.613 | 0.242 | <0.001 | 2.778 | 1.478 | 0.06 |
| Fourth | 0.465 | 0.098 | <0.001 | 4.933 | 0.248 | <0.001 | 6.107 | 1.479 | <0.001 |
| Women’s socio-demographics | |||||||||
| Age (centred at the median) | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.80 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.72 |
| Citizenship (Ref. Italian) | |||||||||
| Non-Western country | 0.098 | 0.105 | 0.35 | 0.292 | 0.116 | 0.01 | 0.288 | 0.117 | 0.01 |
| Western Country | −0.454 | 0.251 | 0.07 | −0.488 | 0.274 | 0.08 | −0.437 | 0.278 | 0.12 |
| Education (Ref. Lower secondary) | |||||||||
| Upper secondary | 0.094 | 0.088 | 0.29 | 0.200 | 0.097 | 0.04 | 0.138 | 0.133 | 0.30 |
| Tertiary | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.34 | 0.128 | 0.067 | 0.054 | 0.322 | 0.094 | 0.001 |
| Number of previous pregnancies | 0.006 | 0.025 | 0.80 | −0.013 | 0.027 | 0.62 | −0.013 | 0.027 | 0.62 |
| Woman’s experience and clinical | |||||||||
| Type of delivery (Ref. Vaginal) | |||||||||
| Assisted/Induced | 0.006 | 0.081 | 0.94 | 0.001 | 0.082 | 0.99 | |||
| Scheduled Caesarean section | −0.448 | 0.101 | <0.001 | −0.460 | 0.101 | <0.001 | |||
| Unscheduled Caesarean section | −0.326 | 0.106 | 0.002 | −0.339 | 0.106 | 0.001 | |||
| Consistent information about breastfeeding (Ref. Yes) | |||||||||
| Some | −0.717 | 0.073 | <0.001 | −0.717 | 0.074 | <0.001 | |||
| No | −1.388 | 0.108 | <0.001 | −1.379 | 0.108 | <0.001 | |||
| No information received | −1.482 | 0.139 | <0.001 | −1.495 | 0.139 | <0.001 | |||
| Pain control (Ref. Yes) | |||||||||
| Some | −0.735 | 0.072 | <0.001 | −0.608 | 0.103 | <0.001 | |||
| No | −1.042 | 0.118 | <0.001 | −0.845 | 0.161 | <0.001 | |||
| Alone during labour or delivery | −0.768 | 0.118 | <0.001 | −0.757 | 0.118 | <0.001 | |||
| No skin-to-skin contact after delivery | −0.170 | 0.098 | 0.08 | −0.173 | 0.098 | 0.08 | |||
| Trust towards doctors (Ref. Not at all/Not much) | |||||||||
| Quite | 0.588 | 0.160 | <0.001 | 0.575 | 0.161 | <0.001 | |||
| Much/Very much | 1.116 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 1.116 | 0.164 | <0.001 | |||
| Trust towards nurses (Ref. Not at all/Not much) | |||||||||
| Quite | 1.378 | 0.156 | <0.001 | 1.392 | 0.156 | <0.001 | |||
| Much/Very much | 2.464 | 0.166 | <0.001 | 2.474 | 0.167 | <0.001 | |||
| Trust towards midwives (Ref. Not much/Not at all) | |||||||||
| Quite | 1.401 | 0.185 | <0.001 | 1.407 | 0.184 | <0.001 | |||
| Much/Very much | 2.199 | 0.182 | <0.001 | 2.211 | 0.182 | <0.001 | |||
| Up. Sec. education # Some pain control | 0.114 | 0.212 | 0.59 | ||||||
| Up. Sec. education # No pain control | 0.199 | 0.325 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Tertiary education # Some pain control | −0.364 | 0.148 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Tertiary education # No pain control | −0.539 | 0.221 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||||
| % of breastfeeding within 2 h from delivery | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.47 | ||||||
| Random part | |||||||||
| Variance at the hospital level | 0.175 | 0.058 | 0.092 | 0.036 | 0.090 | 0.036 | |||
| ICC | 0.051 | 0.027 | 0.027 | ||||||
Notes: In Model 2, we also controlled for three other individual-level covariates (preterm delivery, out-of-Local Health Authority delivery, mother and newborn together during hospital stay), but they were not significant. In Model 3, we controlled also for another individual-level covariate (type of questionnaire), but it was not significant. Finally, we checked whether including or excluding confidence in doctors/nurses/midwives had a significant impact on the results. As it turned out, it did not: the confidence intervals of all our socio-demographic variables largely overlapped (not shown here).