Table 3.
Summary of droplet platforms applied to single-cell derived biomarker detection and screening
| Biomarker | Disease | Droplet Format | Throughput (per run) | Workflow steps | Droplet volume | Assay | Clinical Sample | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t(14;18) | Lymphatic cancer | Flow-focusing | ~ 103 | 4 (additional step to elute beads containing amplicons from droplet) | 3 nL | PCR | RL cell line | (Novak et al., 2011) |
| VCaP gDNA | Prostate cancer | Rapid emulsification | ~ 105 | 4 (additional step to isolate single-cell and lyse off-chip) | ~ 30 pL | MDA | VCaP cell line | (S. C. Kim et al., 2017) |
| anti-TNF-alpha | Cancer | Flow-focusing | ~ 102 | 3 | ~ 30 pL | Antibody conjugation | 9E10 Hybridoma cell line | (Akbari & Pirbodaghi, 2014) |
| PTPRC | Cancer | Flow-focusing | ~ 104 | 4 (additional step for droplet dilution and RT-PCR mix merging) | ~ 100pL | RT-PCR | Raji and PC3 cell lines | (Eastburn, Sciambi, & Abate, 2013) |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase | Cancer | Flow-focusing | ~101 | 1 | ~10 pL | Enzyme assay | PC-9 cell line, K-562 cell line, MDA-MB-231 cell line | (Jing et al., 2015; Ng, Miller, Jing, & Chen, 2016) |
| Matrix Metalloproteinase | Cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis | Flow-focusing | ~ 102 | 1 | ~60 pL | Enzyme assay | Leukocytes with RBC debris | (Jing et al., 2016) |
| Rotavirus RNA | Viral infection | Flow-focusing | ~ 104 | 3 | ~ 1 nL | RT-PCR | RNA spiked into surface water samples, then extracted | (Rački et al., 2014) |
| CCR5 | AIDS | Flow-focusing | ~ 105 | 3 | ~ 30 pL | Enzymatic assay | U937 cell line | (Joensson et al., 2009) |
| E. coli DNAzyme | Bacterial infection | Flow-focusing | ~ 108 | 2 | ~ 8 pL | DNAzyme probe | E. coli spiked into 10% donor blood | (Kang et al., 2014) |
| E. coli | Bacterial infection | Flow-focusing | Cont. flow | 1 | ~ 20 pL | Resazurin | E. coli in broth | (Kaushik et al., 2017) |
| E. coli, E. aerogenes | Bacterial infection | Flow-focusing | ~ 104 | 3 | ~ 1 nL | C-12 Resazurin | Bacteria in broth | (O. Scheler et al., 2017; Ott Scheler, Kaminski, Ruszczak, & Garstecki, 2016) |
| E. coli, S. aureus | Bacterial infection | T-junction | ~ 102 | 3 | ~ 4 nL | alamarBlue | Bacteria spiked into 50% plasma | (Boedicker, Li, Kline, & Ismagilov, 2008) |