Table 1.
Demographic, comorbidity, and dietary information for adolescents in the EPOCH cohort, by NAFLD status (defined as HFF≥5%)
| Variable | Total (N=107) | NAFLD = 0 (N=99) |
NAFLD = 1 (N=8) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| N (%) or Median (IQR) | ||||
|
|
||||
| Male | 55 (51.4%) | 50 (50.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.72 |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 52 (48.6%) | 49 (49.5%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.02 |
| Hispanic | 40 (37.4%) | 35 (35.4%) | 5 (62.5%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 12 (11.2%) | 12 (12.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 3 (2.8%) | 3 (3.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Parental Education Level | ||||
| High School | 15 (14.0%) | 11 (11.1%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0.001 |
| Some college/Associate degree | 33 (30.8%) | 31 (31.3%) | 2 (25.0%) | |
| Bachelor's degree | 31 (29.0%) | 29 (29.3%) | 2 (25.0%) | |
| Graduate degree | 28 (26.2%) | 28 (28.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Household income | ||||
| $16,000 through $34,999 | 4 (3.7%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.02 |
| $35,000 through $74,999 | 40 (37.4%) | 34 (34.3%) | 6 (75.0%) | |
| $75,000 or more | 59 (55.1%) | 57 (57.6%) | 2 (25.0%) | |
| Don't know/Missing | 4 (3.7%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Delivery Mode | ||||
| C-section | 25 (23.4%) | 24 (24.2%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0.68 |
| Vaginal | 82 (76.6%) | 75 (75.8%) | 7 (87.5%) | |
| Exposure to DM in utero | 30 (28.0%) | 28 (28.3%) | 2 (25.0%) | >0.99 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 26.1 (22.8–30.3) | 25.9 (22.5–30.3) | 30.9 (25.8–38.4) | 0.01 |
|
| ||||
| In person visit | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 15.6 (15.1–16.5) | 15.7 (15.1–16.5) | 15.6 (15.6–16.4) | 0.16 |
| BMI | 22.5 (19.8–26.0) | 21.9 (19.5–24.9) | 32.2 (27.6–36.0) | <.001 |
| BMI-for-age Z | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.5) | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.2) | 2.0 (1.7–2.5) | <.001 |
| Weight group (based on BMI percentile) | ||||
| Underweight | 4 (3.7%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.001 |
| Normal weight | 65 (60.7%) | 65 (65.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Overweight | 16 (15.0%) | 14 (14.1%) | 2 (25.0%) | |
| Obese | 22 (20.6%) | 16 (16.2%) | 6 (75.0%) | |
| Waist circumference | 76.4 (70.6–86.3) | 75.4 (70.3–84.5) | 93.0 (92.3–106.4) | <.001 |
| Hepatic Fat Fraction | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 7.7 (6.0–8.5) | <.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 25.0 (20.0–31.0) | 24.0 (19.5–30.0) | 31.0 (29.0–39.0) | 0.002 |
| HOMA-IR (Homeostasis model of insulin resistance) | 3.0 (2.3–4.4) | 2.8 (2.2–4.3) | 6.1 (4.6–8.4) | <.001 |
|
| ||||
| Diet | ||||
|
| ||||
| Kilocalories | 1547 (1217–2078) | 1567 (1217–2091) | 1497 (1085–1899) | 0.5 |
| % Carbohydrates | 48.6 (44.2–52.3) | 48.6 (43.7–52.3) | 48.1 (44.8–52.3) | 0.22 |
| % Added Sugars | 24.6 (20.5–28.2) | 24.5 (20.5–28.2) | 25.1 (19.8–28.4) | 0.43 |
| % Fiber | 3.0 (2.5–3.9) | 3.0 (2.5–3.9) | 2.6 (2.4–3.8) | 0.72 |
| % Insoluble Fiber | 1.9 (1.5–2.5) | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 1.6 (1.5–2.4) | 0.68 |
| % Soluble Fiber | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.54 |
| % Fat | 38.0 (34.4–41.8) | 38.0 (34.4–41.8) | 37.1 (34.0–40.1) | 0.16 |
| % SFA | 13.5 (11.9–15.3) | 13.4 (11.9–15.0) | 14.2 (12.4–15.4) | 0.71 |
| % PUFA | 5.7 (4.8–6.7) | 5.8 (4.8–6.8) | 5.0 (4.5–5.7) | 0.10 |
| % MUFA | 15.4 (13.7–16.8) | 15.5 (13.7–16.8) | 14.7 (13.6–15.8) | 0.15 |
| % Protein | 34.2 (31.3–38.3) | 34.2 (31.2–38.2) | 35.9 (32.7–40.3) | 0.53 |
|
| ||||
| Alpha Diversity | ||||
|
| ||||
| Shannon Diversity Index | 4.8 (4.4–5.2) | 4.8 (4.4–5.2) | 4.5 (4.2–5.0) | 0.32 |
| PD whole tree | 10.8 (9.0–12.2) | 10.9 (9.0–12.2) | 9.2 (8.9–12.1) | 0.6 |
| Observed species | 67.0 (55.0–78.0) | 67.0 (56.0–78.0) | 59.5 (52.0–78.5) | 0.63 |