Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics for SLE, age- and sex-matched DM and age- and sex-matched general Medicaid cohorts through index date
| SLE | DM | General Medicaid | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort size (N) | 25,950 | 51,900 | 103,800 |
| Female (N, %) | 23,903 (92%) | 47,806 (92%) | 95,612 (92%) |
| Mean age in years (age, SD) | 41.4 (±11.9) | 41.4 (+11.9) | 41.4 (11.9) |
| Age 18–39 (N, %) | 11,674 (45.0%) | 23,295 (45%) | 46,646 (45%) |
| Age 40–49 (N, %) | 7,305 (28%) | 14,636 (28%) | 29,259 (28%) |
| Age 50–65 (N, %) | 6,971 (27%) | 13,969 (27%) | 27,895 (27%) |
| Outpatient visits (mean #, SD) | 4.5 (±4.6) | 3.5 (±3.9) | 1.8 (±2.9) |
| U.S. Region of Residence | |||
| West (N, %) | 5,352 (21%) | 10,023 (19%) | 28,888 (28%) |
| Northeast (N, %) | 5,567 (21%) | 10,657 (21%) | 22,162 (21%) |
| South (N, %) | 9,975 (38%) | 19,789 (38%) | 30,810 (30%) |
| Midwest (N, %) | 5,056 (19%) | 11,431 (22%) | 21,940 (21%) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White (N, %) | 8,944 (35%) | 24,001 (46%) | 49,855 (48%) |
| Black (N, %) | 11,108 (43%) | 15,835 (31%) | 23,430 (23%) |
| Hispanic (N, %) | 4,072 (16%) | 8,311 (16%) | 23,640 (23%) |
| Asian (N, %) | 805 (3%) | 1,554 (3%) | 3,061 (3%) |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native (N, %) | 262 (1%) | 638 (1%) | 985 (1%) |
| Lupus nephritis/Diabetic nephropathy (N, %) | 5,333 (21%) | 3,606 (7%) | |
| Baseline Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension (N, %) | 8,978 (35%) | 21,018 (41%) | 13,686 (13%) |
| Obesity (N, %) | 924 (4%) | 5,650 (11%) | 2,445 (2%) |
| Hyperlipidemia (N, %) | 2,532 (10%) | 12,624 (24%) | 6,524 (6%) |
| Smoking (N, %) | 1,564 (6%) | 2,855 (6%) | 4,229 (4%) |
| Presence of CVD* (N, %) | 3,729 (14%) | 6,628 (13%) | 4,541 (4%) |
| Mean total number of medications (#, SD) | 10.1 (±9.4) | 10.6 (±9.7) | 3.6 (±5.6) |
| Hydroxychloroquine use (N, %) | 9,795 (38%) | 130 (<1%) | 173 (<1%) |
| Immunosuppressants† (N, %) | 5,580 (22%) | 516 (1%) | 517 (1%) |
| Glucocorticoid use ≥ 10 mg/day ever (N, %) | 10,071 (39%) | 3,603 (7%) | 4,400 (4%) |
| Insulin (N, %) | 117 (1%) | 13,405 (26%) | |
| SLE risk adjustment index (mean, SD) | 1.0 (±1.9) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SD) | 1.8 (±1.3) | 1.7 (±1.3) | 0.4 (±1.2) |
| Baseline lipid testing (N, %) | 4,590 (18%) | 18,294 (35%) | 10,082 (10%) |
| Baseline statin prescription (N, %) | 2,204 (9%) | 13,605 (26%) | 4,457 (4%) |
Baseline period: 6 months of continuous Medicaid enrollment through index date
Index date: For SLE and DM cohorts, defined as when third ICD-9 code for either SLE or DM were met, each ≥ 30 days apart; For general Medicaid cohort, date of any ICD-9 code for non-SLE and non-DM diagnoses on same index date as each age- and sex-matched SLE patient
CVD: Baseline presence of any cardiovascular disease (CVD) by ICD-9 codes for angina, MI, old MI, PCI, atherosclerosis, CVA, CABG, PVD, carotid stenosis, heart failure
Immunosuppressant: mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, leflunomide, rituximab and Tacrolimus
Abbreviations: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease